1. Manifest Destiny
The Manifest Destiny was a time period just before the Civil War in the Mid 1800’s, when the United States expanded westward.

2. The actions Americans took during the 19th century would establish what makes up the 48 contiguous states.
The actions Americans took during the 19th century established the borders of the 48 contiguous states

3. US Territorial Expansion
When?
A - 13 Original Colonies
1776
From Where?
Great Britain A
Why?
US declared independence from Great Britain
In the 16 and 1700’s the original thirteen colonies took up most of the East Coast. This is while we were under the control of Great Britain but by the late 1780s we would gain our own independence through the American Revolution.

4. US Territorial Expansion
When?
B - Western Lands
1783
From Where?
Great Britain
Why?
Part of results of Treaty of Paris (ended Revolutionary War) A
With that victory of the American Revolution who would also gain control of the lands west of the Appalachian Mountains. Which was also controlled by Great Britain but also as part of the “Treaty of Paris” which would be a part of ending the Revolutionary War. We now expanded all the way to the to the Mississippi River. B

5. By the end of Jefferson's presidency the United States had more than doubled in size and that was through the Louisiana Purchase.
By the end of Jefferson’s presidency the United States had more than doubled in size.

6. US Territorial Expansion
When?
D - Florida
1819
From Where?
Spain
Why?
Andrew Jackson invaded
Spain then sold it to us for $5 million A C
As 1800’s continued on, the expansion of the United States would continue as well. We would obtain Florida by Andrew Jackson leading the way and invading and then completing the gain of florida with a purchase from Spain. B D

7. We would now start deal with territories further west
We would now start deal with territories further west. This also included making deals with Great Britain who had control of Canada.

8. Early Exploration
In the period following the explorations of Lewis & Clark and Zebulon Pike very few settlers ventured into the west
Trappers – Fur Traders
Mountain Men – Jedidiah Smith, Jim Bridger
Surveyors – John C. Fremont
However, throughout this early expansion, and following the period of the “Explorations of Lewis and Clark” or Zebulon Pike’s great adventure into the desert, very few people ventured onto settle in the west. Most were fur traders, mounting men, and surveyors like John C Fremont (who would later make his name and going to the California.) Instead those who did move west would follow Native American Trails and set up small forts, like Fort Laramie or Fort Bridger where trading could take place.

9. As the US started to expand and as we filled up the territories and, state were developed like: Alabama, Mississippi, Kentucky, and Tennessee. Or Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan, the next pursuit of happiness would make people to seek out the opportunities west of the Mississippi. As you can see in this image all modes of transportation would start sending folks westward.

10. Manifest Destiny "Our manifest destiny (is) to overspread the
continent allotted by Providence for the free
development of our yearly multiplying millions."
John O' Sullivan
"Democratic Review”
1845
Zinn pg. 152
This is what started as in the words of John O'Sullivan from 1845 “that it is clear that there was a manifest destiny. That it is our destiny granted by our Province, (granted by our God) that we would develop the land from sea to shining sea!”

11. West of Missouri and Iowa lay the
The opportunity to find new land and a new start just beyond the western horizon had always been important to Americans
With the opportunity, people started to move Westward into the Great American desert beyond the Rockies and all the way to California on the Pacific slope.
West of Missouri and Iowa lay the
“Great American Desert,
the Rockies,
and the Pacific slope

12. To the Columbia River
Down the Valley of the Snake River
Across the Continental Divide
Along the Platte River
Early settlers of the west traveled along Native American routes, The Santa Fe and Oregon Trails - Wagons became the most popular method of travel; Conestoga and Prairie Schooners
St. Louis: “The Gateway”
Early settlers of the west would travel along the Native American Routes; the Santa Fe and the Oregon Trails around the Rockies. Starting from St. Louis (which became known as “the Gateway” to the west) and then moving on along the Platte River, in Missouri. Riding in their Conestoga wagons or Prairie Schooners, up to the Continental Divide in the Rocky Mountains and through the South pass and then down the other side through the valley of the Snake River until they would reach the Oregon Country along the Columbia River and Willamette.

13. “This is the Place” Mormons founded by Joseph Smith in New York
If not for economic purposes perhaps it was for religious motives that some moved west. A new religious group, a Christian group, started in Western New York under Joseph Smith, called Mormons (today known as the Church of Latter-day Saints) would be persecuted in the north. So looking west they saw a place where they could seek their Providence and they moved West. Stopping in Illinois, they camped out but they were actually attacked by those people who are persecuting them. In the mob like violence it resulted in the death of Joseph Smith. Brigham Young would take the lead to a point in Utah where they would settle and build the great “Salt Lake City!”
Mormons founded by Joseph Smith in New York
Moved west to avoid persecution
Faced mob-violence and the death of Smith in Illinois
Brigham Young lead them to Utah where they settled and built Salt Lake City

14. Joint Occupation of Oregon Territory
Established boundary at 49 degrees
1844 Election Battle Cry – “54’40 or Fight”
British relinquish all territorial claims
By the time we reach 1844 and the election is calling out for fifty-four forty or fight establish our boundaries and a joint occupation of the Oregon Territory. At this point on our northern border with Canada would run along 49 degrees.

15. Texas Declares Independence
1820s Newly independent Mexico calls for Americans to help settle and stabilize their northern regions
Stephen F. Austin recruits hundreds of settlers to move to Texas
1829 – Mexico attempts to control Texans by forcing Roman Catholicism conversion and outlawing slavery
But what was left was the lands of the south west. In speaking of the manifest destiny, the next step would be the lands that Mexico controlled. That would start with Texas. In the 1820s a newly independent Mexico, independent from Spain, would call to America to help settle and stabilize their Northern regions. The regions far from the capital of Mexico City. Stephen F Austin would recruit100’s to Texas where there lands of plenty and the land was good to grow cotton. However, in 1829 Mexico tried control those in the texas region by forcing them to convert to Roman Catholicism and outlaw slavery.

16. “Remember the Alamo!” Santa Anna attempted to enforce Mexican laws
Attacked at Goliad and The Alamo in San Antonio
Under Leadership of Sam Houston Texans defeated Santa Anna at San Jacinto and forced a treaty granting Texan Independence and the Rio Grande as the border – Lone-Star Republic
Mexico refused to acknowledge the treaty
Texans would not stand for that and they would declare their own independence. The independence of the Lone Star Republic under the leadership of Sam Houston they would defeat Santa Anna the great Mexican military leader and overcome the loss of so many lives in the Alamo in San Antonio Texas in order to Grant would they believe would be there on Border at the Rio Grande River

17. “JAMES K. POLK” by They Might Be Giants
In 1844, the Democrats were split The three nominees for the presidential candidate Were Martin Van Buren, a former president and an abolitionist James Buchanan, a moderate Lewis Cass, a general and expansionist From Nashville came a dark horse riding up He was James K. Polk, Napoleon of the Stump!

18. “JAMES K. POLK” by They Might Be Giants
Austere, severe, he held few people dear His oratory filled his foes with fear The factions soon agreed He's just the man we need To bring about victory Fulfill our Manifest Destiny And annex the land the Mexicans command And when the votes were cast the winner was Mister James K. Polk, Napoleon of the Stump!

20. “JAMES K. POLK” by They Might Be Giants
In four short years he met his every goal He seized the whole southwest from Mexico Made sure the tariffs fell And made the English sell the Oregon Territory He built an independent treasury Having done all this he sought no second term But precious few have mourned the passing of Mister James K. Polk, our eleventh president “Young Hickory,” Napoleon of the Stump!

21. The War with Mexico December 29, 1845 Texas entered the Union
President Polk argued that a war with Mexico would not only bring in Texas but also New Mexico and California to the Union
Mexico claimed the Nueces River as the border while the US claimed the Rio Grande River
After the election of 1844 with James K Polk as President, This left many with questions since many Americans had settled there. In December 29, 1845 Texas entered the union. However, there was contriversy Mexico claimed that Nueces River was the border of texas not the Rio Grande, which was much further east and north, Polk argued that going to war would not only help gain all of Texas but would also help obtain the territory of new mexico and California.

22. Polk order General Zachary Taylor’s army into the disputed territory.
President Polk attempted to negotiate for the southwest land but Mexico refused
Polk order General Zachary Taylor’s army into the disputed territory.
Polk originally attempted to negotiate for the land but Mexico refused. It was then that Polk ordered General Taylor and his Army to march into and take camp in the dispute territory west of the Nueces river.

23. California
John C. Fremont entered California and began fighting the Mexicans
Mexican soldiers crossed the Rio Grande and attacked US soldiers
1846 – American Settlers declared the independence of the Bear Republic (California)
While all this was going on John. C Fremont would enter California and begin fighting with the Mexicans that were there. At the same time Mexican soldiers attacked the American soldiers that were camping in the disputed territory. And by 1846 the Americans declared the independence of the Bear Republic AKA California, for they had defeated the Mexicans in that region.

24. Led by Generals Taylor and Winfield Scott, the Americans handily defeat the Mexicans
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo – Rio Grande as border with Texas; ceded New Mexico and California to US for $15 million
Generals Taylor and Winfield Scott would travel and fight the Mexicans in Mexico city where they would defeat them. This forced the Mexicans to sign the treated of Guadalupe Hidalgo which made the border the Rio Grande. Also the Mexicans ceded (or gave up power) of New Mexico and California for $15 million dollars

25. US Territorial Expansion
When?
G - Mexican Cession
1848
From Where?
Mexico
Why?
Polk offers to buy G from Mexico & they refuse
War!
US wins
In Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, US offers $15 million for G F A C
As the 1840’s were coming to a close the territories had spread from “Sea to Shining Sea!” However the territories weren’t settled in large numbers B G E D

26. 1853 – President Pierce authorized purchase of property south of the Gila River in order to clear the way for a southern railroad route to the Pacific – Gadsden Purchase
In addition to the Gadsden Purchase, which main purpose was to build a railroad across, is when President Pierce would solidify the contiguous United States.

27. We have now completed our “Manifest Destiny”
We have now completed our “Manifest Destiny”! The settling of this land would lead to great expansion both economically and socially. However it would also lead to great conflict!