1. THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY
Chapter 15
THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY

2. Overview and Lymph vessels
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State Standards
39) Describe in a written, oral, or digital format the structure and function of the lymphatic system, lymphatic vessels, and lymph nodes. Differentiate between the cells of the immune response and other defenses, and explain how they work with antigens, antibodies, and individual immunity to maintain homeostasis in the body.
40) **Explain from research in peer-reviewed professional journals and/or textbooks the effects of aging on the lymphatic and immune systems, including discussion of the diseases or disorders that can occur.
41) **Investigate and explain, citing evidence from textbooks, professional journals, and/or websites, the mechanisms surrounding allergic response, autoimmune, and alloimmune diseases. Explain what systems are involved in the responses and any preventive measures that can be initiated.
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Objectives
Students will describe the lymphatic systems connection with homeostasis.
Students will describe the functions of the lymphatic system.
Students will determine components of the lymphatic system.
Students will explore the makeup of a lymph vessel through creation of a model.
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5. Lymphatic system and homeostasis
The lymphatic system works in conjunction with the circulatory systems and immune system to maintain homeostasis.
The lymphatic system drains out toxins, defends the body against disease, and recycles plasma proteins.
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6. Components of the Lymphatic system
Lymph nodes
Lymph vessels
Spleen
Thymus
Tonsils
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Discussion
Do you recognize one of these organs of the lymphatic system? What other system have we discussed that contains it as well?
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LYMPH
Straw colored fluid
Connection between capillaries and tissues
Lymph carries digested food, oxygen, and hormones to cells
Carries metabolic waste away from cells back to the capillaries
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LYMPH VESSELS
Lymph vessels are similar to veins
They are in almost all tissues and organs that have blood vessels
Lymph only travels in direction from body organs to the heart
The Lymph system has no pump
Lymph vessels contain valves
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Discussion
If the lymph system has no pump, how does is the lymph fluid able to move?
Thinking back to what you know about valves in veins, what would the function of valves in lymph vessels be?
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LYMPH VESSELS
2 large main lymphatics
Thoracic duct (left lymphatic duct)
Receives lymph from left side of head, neck, abdominal area, and lower limbs
Right lymphatic duct
Circulates lymph from right arm, right side of head, and upper trunk to the superior vena cava
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15. Activity
In your small groups, use the provided materials to create a model of a lymph vessel.
Pay careful attention to add the mechanisms that prevent to the backflow of lymph fluid.
Tape your model to a piece of paper and draw the correct direction of flow of lymph fluid through it.
Answer the following questions as a group and Add them to the model. P. 304 (1, 3)
Define and Add the following medical terminology as well (aden, -it is, -megaly, inter, -stitial, lymph)

16. Organs of the Lymphatic System
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LYMPH NODES
Lymph nodes provide sites for lymphocyte production and screen harmful substances from the lymph
Bacteria and other harmful substances in large quantities may injure the lymph node
Adenitis - swelling in lymph gland
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18. LYMPH NODES

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Discussion
Where are lymph nodes commonly located?
Try to palpate them on yourself. Can you feel any of them?
What might a swollen lymph node suggest?
Why would a surgeon remove lymph nodes surrounding a tumor?
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20. Lymphatic system Organs
Tonsils
Spleen
Thymus
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TONSILS
Tonsils are masses of lymphatic tissues capable of producing lymphocytes and filtering bacteria
Three pairs of tonsils
Palatine
Adenoids (pharyngeal)
Lingual
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23. Swollen Tonsil Grading System

24. Discussion
You will be provided a popsicle stick and gloves. With a partner examine each others tonsils. Be mindful of gag reflex.
Grade your partners tonsils using the grading system.
Draw what you see.
Think about a person who has had a tonsillectomy, what functions normally provided by the tonsils will be inhibited.

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SPLEEN
The spleen is a saclike mass of lymphatic tissue that forms lymphocytes and monocytes
The spleen filters blood that passes through it, destroying old or fragile red blood cells
The spleen stores large amounts of red blood cells
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Discussion
Define splenomegaly.
What common condition can cause splenomegaly?
Applying what we learned about the functions of the spleen, what is the spleen at risk for?
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THYMUS GLAND
The thymus’s function is to produce lymphocytes called T-lymphocytes
The thymus is also an endocrine gland because it secretes a hormone called thymosin that stimulates the production of lymphoid cells
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Child vs. Adult
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Video
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Activity
Weather permitting
Your small groups will be given sidewalk chalk.
Create a life sized diagram of the lymphatic system.
Include the organs of the lymphatic system, the lymph nodes, and main lymph vessels.
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33. Lymphatic System and Immune Response
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34. © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
State Standards
39) Describe in a written, oral, or digital format the structure and function of the lymphatic system, lymphatic vessels, and lymph nodes. Differentiate between the cells of the immune response and other defenses, and explain how they work with antigens, antibodies, and individual immunity to maintain homeostasis in the body.
40) **Explain from research in peer-reviewed professional journals and/or textbooks the effects of aging on the lymphatic and immune systems, including discussion of the diseases or disorders that can occur.
41) **Investigate and explain, citing evidence from textbooks, professional journals, and/or websites, the mechanisms surrounding allergic response, autoimmune, and alloimmune diseases. Explain what systems are involved in the responses and any preventive measures that can be initiated.
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

35. Objectives
Students will explore the relation between the lymphatic system and immune response.
Students will determine the types of immunity and examples of each.
Students will participate in an immune response game to reinforce concepts.

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Immune response
Antigen vs. Antibody
Antigen- “cause” foreign invader
Antibody- “response” cells to the foreign invader
B-Cells- created by the bone marrow and stored in the lymph system (creates antibodies and memory cells)
T-Cells- created by the thymus
Helper T-cells
Killer T-cells
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Discussion
Applying what you have previously learned what carries these immune cells to different locations in the body?
The thymus in a child is larger that an adult, applying what you just learned about immune cells why is this?
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Immunity
Bodies ability to resist foreign invaders and the diseases they cause
2 types of immunity
Natural- born with this type, inherited, and permanent
ex. Unbroken skin, mucous, tears, immune response
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Acquired immunity
Acquired immunity- occurs as a result of exposure to an invader, developed throughout a lifetime.
2 types of Acquired immunity
Active
Passive
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42. Types of Acquired immunity
Active – Lasts a long time, 2 types
Natural- got a disease and recovered from it (antibodies were produced)
Artificial- vaccinations
Passive – borrowed, lasts a short time
-ex. Injections of antibodies from other individuals/animals, baby from mother through placenta or breast milk
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43. Discussion
Determine what category of immunity each of these fall into.
Measels vaccination
Chicken-pox virus
Baby did not get a stomach virus
Polio vaccination
Applying what we learned about immune cells, which cells help create Active Acquired immunity?

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Activity
The immune system Game
Weather permitting
We will be going outside to play a game to reinforce the concepts of immune response.
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45. © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Aging and the Immune System allergic response, autoimmune, and alloimmune diseases
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46. © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
State Standards
39) Describe in a written, oral, or digital format the structure and function of the lymphatic system, lymphatic vessels, and lymph nodes. Differentiate between the cells of the immune response and other defenses, and explain how they work with antigens, antibodies, and individual immunity to maintain homeostasis in the body.
40) **Explain from research in peer-reviewed professional journals and/or textbooks the effects of aging on the lymphatic and immune systems, including discussion of the diseases or disorders that can occur.
41) **Investigate and explain, citing evidence from textbooks, professional journals, and/or websites, the mechanisms surrounding allergic response, autoimmune, and alloimmune diseases. Explain what systems are involved in the responses and any preventive measures that can be initiated.
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

47. © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Objectives
Students will determine the effects of aging on the immune system.
Students will identify the processes of allergic, autoimmune, and alloimmune responses.
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48. Transplants and Alloimmunity
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Alloimmunity
Immune response to non-self antigens
Blood group antigens (ABO blood types)
Histocompatibility antigens (tissue rejections)
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50. AUTOIMMUNITY Autoimmunity
Occurs when a person’s own immune system targets normal cells, tissues, and organs of person’s own body
Causes range from genetics to viruses to sunlight exposure
CAUSES AUTOIMMUNE DISORDER
Ex. Lupus, Multiple sclerosis, Psoriasis, Type 1 diabetes, Rheumatoid Arthritis

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Allergic Response
Hypersensitivity
Body’s immune system fails to protect itself against foreign material
Antibodies irritate certain body cells
Allergen - antigen causes allergic responses (histamine released)
Anaphylactic shock - severe, often fatal allergic reaction
Ex. Bee stings, peanuts, shellfish,
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52. Discussion
What preventive measures can be put in place to prevent complications with the following immune responses?
Hypersensitivity
Alloimmunity
Someone who receives a transplanted organ has to be on what type of medication for the rest of their life? Why? .

53. Aging and the Lymphatic System
With advancing age, the lymphatic system becomes less effective at combating disease and fighting off infections. 
T cells become less responsive. fewer respond to an infection or invasion by a pathogen.
B cells are also less responsive, antibodies do not develop causing increased susceptibility to viral and bacterial infections.
The immune system becomes less able to distinguish self from foreign invaders causes autoimmune disorders
Macrophages ability to digest worn out or deformed cells decreases leading to some cancers.

54. Activity
In your small groups choose one of the following topics to do an educational demonstration over. 3-5 minutes (Brochure, educational lecture, and demonstration)
Anaphylaxis
-Educate about dangers, signs and symptoms, and step by step proper Epi Pen usage
Immunizations
Educate over immunizations (Purpose, types, and step by step demonstration of proper immunization procedure)

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Disorders
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56. DISORDERS OF THE LYMPH SYSTEM
Lymphadenitis - enlargement of the lymph nodes that occurs when infection is present
Hodgkin’s disease - form of cancer of lymph nodes
Infectious mononucleosis - caused by Epstein-Barr virus
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AIDS/HIV
Acquired - disease is not inherited
Immune - body’s natural defenses
Deficiency - lacks cellular immunity
Syndrome - diagnosed from sets of diseases or conditions present
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AIDS/HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) destroys T4-lymphocyte cells without causing symptoms
Opportunistic infections arise
Three outcomes of HIV infection:
AIDS
AIDS-related complex (ARC)
Asymptomatic infection
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AIDS/HIV
Transmission of AIDS
Sexual contact with infected partner
Sharing hypodermic needles among IV drug users
In utero or at birth of infected mother
Transfusion of blood
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AIDS/HIV
Screening tests for HIV/AIDS
There are two antibody tests
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) - detects antibodies for AIDS but not the virus
Western blot is the follow-up to confirm ELISA results
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AIDS/HIV
Symptoms of HIV/AIDS
Flu-like symptoms
Fever
Headache
Malaise
Enlarged lymph glands
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AIDS/HIV
There is no cure for AIDS yet certain drugs are used to slow the virus
Transmission is prevented by following the CDC’s Standard Precautions
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Activity
In a group choose an immunization from the chart of p. 294 Create a informational poster for the community stating why you should get this vaccination, what it protects against, schedule, contraindications.
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Indiviually
Complete the apply theory questions on p. 305
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