1. Chapter 10 Preview Section 1 Ionic and Covalent Compounds
Chemical Compounds
Preview
Section 1 Ionic and Covalent Compounds
Section 2 Acids and Bases
Section 3 Solutions of Acids and Bases
Concept Map

2. Section 1 Ionic and Covalent Compounds
Chapter 10
Bellringer
In your Science Journal, write a sentence that describes what happens when a sodium atom changes to a sodium ion. Then, write a sentence that describes what happens when a chlorine atom changes to a chloride ion.
Why does the sodium ion have a positive charge? Why does the chloride ion have a negative charge? Sodium chloride is a combination of sodium ions and chloride ions. Why would sodium ions and chloride ions be attracted to each other?
Write your answers in your Science Journal.

3. Chapter 10 What You Will Learn
Section 1 Ionic and Covalent Compounds
Chapter 10
What You Will Learn
The physical properties of a compound are determined by the type of bonding in the compound.
Ionic compounds tend to be brittle, have high melting points, dissolve in water, and often conduct electric current in solution.
Many covalent compounds tend to be insoluble in water, have low melting points, are not water soluble, and often do not conduct electric current in solution.

4. Ionic Compounds and Their Properties
Section 1 Ionic and Covalent Compounds
Chapter 10
Ionic Compounds and Their Properties
Compounds can be grouped by the kind of chemical bond they have. A chemical bond is an interaction that holds atoms or ions together.
Bonding happens between the valence electrons of different atoms. Valence electrons are electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom. The type of compound that forms depends on what happens to the valence electrons.

5. Ionic Compounds and Their Properties, continued
Section 1 Ionic and Covalent Compounds
Chapter 10
Ionic Compounds and Their Properties, continued
An ionic bond is an attraction between oppositely charged ions.
Compounds that have ionic bonds are called ionic compounds. Ionic compounds can form when atoms transfer electrons.

6. Ionic Compounds and Their Properties, continued
Section 1 Ionic and Covalent Compounds
Chapter 10
Ionic Compounds and Their Properties, continued
Ionic compounds tend to be brittle solids at room temperature. Their ions are arranged in a repeating three-dimensional pattern called a crystal lattice, which often breaks apart when hit.
Ionic compounds have high melting points, are highly soluble in water, and often conduct an electric current in solution.

7. Chapter 10
Chemical Compounds

8. Covalent Compounds and Their Properties
Section 1 Ionic and Covalent Compounds
Chapter 10
Covalent Compounds and Their Properties
Covalent compounds are compounds that form when atoms share electrons. A covalent bond forms as a result of this sharing of electrons.
A molecule is the smallest particle into which a covalently bonded compound can be divided and still be the same compound.

9. Chapter 10
Chemical Compounds
Covalent Bonding

10. Covalent Compounds and Their Properties, continued
Section 1 Ionic and Covalent Compounds
Chapter 10
Covalent Compounds and Their Properties, continued
Properties of covalent compounds are very different from the properties of ionic compounds.
Many covalent compounds have low melting points, do not dissolve in water, and do not conduct an electric current in solution.

11. Chapter 10
Section 2 Acids and Bases
Bellringer
Study the following formulas and names for some common acids and bases:
HNO nitric acid
H3PO phosphoric acid
NaOH sodium hydroxide
Mg(OH) magnesium hydroxide
In your Science Journal, write a general statement about the chemical composition of acids and bases and the way that their formulas are written.

12. Chapter 10 What You Will Learn
Section 2 Acids and Bases
What You Will Learn
An acidic solution has an increased number of hydronium ions. A basic solution has an increased number of hydroxide ions.
Acids are sour, react with many metals, conduct electric current, and change the color of indicators.
Bases are bitter, feel slippery, conduct electric current, and change the color of indicators.

13. Acids and Their Properties
Chapter 10
Section 2 Acids and Bases
Acids and Their Properties
An acid is any compound that increases the number of hydronium ions, H3O+, when dissolved in water.
Acids have a sour flavor. Many acids are corrosive, which means that they destroy body tissue, clothing, and many other things.

14. Acids and Their Properties, continued
Chapter 10
Section 2 Acids and Bases
Acids and Their Properties, continued
Acids change the colors of indicators, such as litmus paper and bromthymol blue. An indicator is a compound that can reversibly change color depending on conditions.
Bromthymol blue turns yellow in the presence of an acid. Blue litmus paper turns red when an acid is added.

15. Acids and Their Properties, continued
Chapter 10
Section 2 Acids and Bases
Acids and Their Properties, continued
Acids react with some metals to make hydrogen gas.
Acids conduct an electric current when in solution.
Acids are used for industrial purposes and in household products.

16. Chapter 10
Chemical Compounds
Properties of Acids

17. Bases and Their Properties
Chapter 10
Section 2 Acids and Bases
Bases and Their Properties
A base is any compound that increases the number of hydroxide ions, OH-, when dissolved in water. Hydroxide ions give bases their properties.
Bases have a bitter flavor and a slippery feel. Like acids, many bases are corrosive.

18. Bases and Their Properties, continued
Chapter 10
Section 2 Acids and Bases
Bases and Their Properties, continued
Bromthymol blue turns a darker blue when a base is added to it. Red litmus paper turns blue when a base is added.
Bases conduct an electric current when in solution.
Bases are useful as cleaning agents and antacids.

19. Chapter 10
Chemical Compounds
Properties of Bases

20. Section 3 Solutions of Acids and Bases
Chapter 10
Bellringer
Read the paragraph under the heading “Strong Versus Weak Acids” on page 292 of your textbook. Then, for each of the following descriptions, write either strong acid or weak acid as appropriate.
Molecules do not break apart easily.
It produces many hydronium ions in solution.
Nitric acid is an example.
It produces few hydronium ions in solution.
Molecules break apart easily.
Write your answers in your Science Journal.

21. Chapter 10 What You Will Learn
Section 3 Solutions of Acids and Bases
Chapter 10
What You Will Learn
Every molecule of a strong acid or a strong base produces ions in solution. Only a few molecules of a weak acid or a weak base form ions.
When an acid reacts with a base, a salt forms.
The pH scale is used to determine if a solution is acidic, basic, or neutral.
Indicators and pH meters can measure pH.

22. Strengths of Acids and Bases
Section 3 Solutions of Acids and Bases
Chapter 10
Strengths of Acids and Bases
Acids and bases can be strong or weak.
The strength of an acid or a base is not the same as the concentration of an acid or base.
The concentration of an acid or a base is the amount of acid or base dissolved in water.

23. Strengths of Acids and Bases, continued
Section 3 Solutions of Acids and Bases
Chapter 10
Strengths of Acids and Bases, continued
The strength of an acid or base depends on the number of molecules that break apart when the acid or base is dissolved in water.
When all the molecules of an acid break apart in water to form ions, the acid is a strong acid. When only a few molecules of an acid break apart, the acid is a weak acid.

24. Strengths of Acids and Bases, continued
Section 3 Solutions of Acids and Bases
Chapter 10
Strengths of Acids and Bases, continued
When all the molecules of an base break apart in water to form ions, the base is a strong base.
When only a few molecules of a base break apart in water to form ions, the base is a weak base.

25. Strength and Weakness of Acids and Bases
Chapter 10
Chemical Compounds
Strength and Weakness of Acids and Bases

26. Acids, Bases, and Neutralization
Section 3 Solutions of Acids and Bases
Chapter 10
Acids, Bases, and Neutralization
A neutralization reaction is the reaction of an acid and a base to form a neutral solution of water and a salt.
The pH is a value that is used to express the acidity or basicity (alkalinity) of a system.

27. Acids, Bases, and Neutralization, continued
Section 3 Solutions of Acids and Bases
Chapter 10
Acids, Bases, and Neutralization, continued
The pH of a solution is a measure of the hydronium ion concentration in the solution.
A solution that has a pH of 7 is neutral. Basic solutions have a pH greater than 7. Acidic solutions have a pH less than 7.

28. Acids, Bases, and Neutralization, continued
Section 3 Solutions of Acids and Bases
Chapter 10
Acids, Bases, and Neutralization, continued
A combination of indicators can be used to find out how basic or how acidic a solution is.
Living things depend on having a steady pH in their environment.

29. Chapter 10
Chemical Compounds

30. Section 3 Solutions of Acids and Bases
Chapter 10
Salts
When an acid neutralizes a base, a salt and a water are produced. A salt is an ionic compound formed from the positive ion of a base and the negative ion of an acid.
Sodium chloride, or table salt, is only one example of a large group of compounds called salts. Salts have many uses in industry and in homes.

31. Chapter 10
Chemical Compounds
Concept Map
Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide.
a base pH
salt
an acid
neutral

32. Chapter 10
Chemical Compounds
Concept Map

33. Chapter 10
Chemical Compounds
Concept Map