1. Concepts of Participation

2. What is Participation?
An active process of
joint dialogues,
sharing and analyzing situations
to attain consensus
towards action and change.
(Chambers 1992)

3. What is People Participation?
A process of people involvement
in decision-making,
in implementing programs,
in sharing benefits and
in monitoring and evaluating programs.
(Oakley, 1991)

4. Levels of Participation
Self-management
Partnership
Consulting
Informing

5. Levels of stakeholder participation
Informing
Outsiders merely let stakeholders know about projects to be undertaken.
Consulting
Stakeholders are given the opportunity to express their concerns and suggestions
Partnership
Exchange and sharing of benefits as well as responsibilities to achieve a common goal. Outsiders and stakeholders are partners.
Self-management
People take initiative and collective action for their own development Source: DSE, 2001