1. Aristotle’s Proofs
Logos
Ethos
pathos

2. Logos Arguments rooted in logic and/or reasoning
Uses evidence to support positions
Ways to use Logos
Inductive
Deductive
Causal
Analogical

3. Inductive Reasoning that goes from particular to general Example:
Jane is in great shape, and she jogs. (Observation)
Bill looks terrific, and he jogs. (Observation)
Kim’s great muscle definition is from jogging. (Observation, Inference)
Therefore, people who jog look good. (Generalization)

4. Evaluating Inductive Arguments
Are the observations accurate?
Are there enough observations to justify the generalization?
Don’t Rush to Conclusions!

5. Evaluation Examples Example 1 Example 2
Jimmy plagiarized his Com 299 final paper.
All Com 299 students plagiarize.
Example 2
My cat is gray.
My sister’s cat is gray.
The cat at the pet store is gray.
All cats are gray.

6. Deductive Arguments Reasoning that goes from general to specific.
Example:
If you jog, you will look like you’re in shape. (Major Premise)
Jane jogs. (Minor Premise)
Therefore, Jane looks like she’s in good shape. (Conclusion)

7. More Deductive Examples
Example 1, from MLK, Jr “I Have a Dream”
All people are created equal.
I am a person.
Therefore, I am equal to other people.
Example 2
God will reward non-violence
We are pursuing our dreams non-violently
God will grant us our dreams

8. Evaluating Deductive Arguments
Analyze the accuracy and validity
Are the premises true?
Can the conclusion be logically derived from the premises?

9. Evaluating Deductive Arguments Continued
Compare the following deductive arguments
Example 1
People who text and drive are more likely to have accidents than are those who do not.
Jack regularly texts while he drives.
Therefore, Jack is more likely to have an accident than those who do not text and drive.
Example 2
People who do not text and drive are more likely to have accidents than are those who do.
Jill never texts and drives.
Therefore, Jill is more likely to have an accident than those who do text and drive

10. Types of Syllogisms Categorical Syllogism
Has 1 word appear twice, but not in all 3 parts (Not both…., and....)
EX:
No geese are felines.
Some birds are geese.
Therefore, some birds are not felines.

11. Types of Syllogisms Cont
Disjunctive Syllogism
The major premise has an either or statement. (Either…., or....)
EX:
Either the Sun orbits the Earth or the Earth orbits the Sun.
The Sun does not orbit the Earth.
Therefore, the Earth orbits the Sun.

12. Types of Syllogisms Cont
Conditional Syllogism
Involves an “If…, then….” statement as the conclusion.
EX:
Ladies prefer Axe Body Spray.
Axe Body Spray smells great.
If you use Axe Body Spray, you will attract ladies.

13. Types of Syllogisms Cont
Enthymemes
Missing one of the parts of the syllogism.
EX:
They are U.S. citizens.
They are entitled to due process.

14. Causal One condition brings about another Avoid False Cause Fallacies
Ensure that A causes B!

15. Analogical
Compares something unfamiliar to the audience to something that is/could be familiar
Avoid an invalid analogies

16. Ethos Is derived from the speaker or the source of the information
Is composed of competence, character, knowledge, etc of the speaker/source

17. Pathos Appeals to audience’s emotions
The emotions can range from glee to fear
The speaker/writer should always consider the ethics of the communication

18. Types of Claims
Fact
value
policy

19. Claims of Fact What IS or IS NOT true Past, present, projection
Something that can be researched and proven through research
Burden of Proof
Must define terms, what do your statistics mean?
How does your evidence “prove” something

20. Claims of Value
What is right/wrong, moral/immoral, good/bad, just/unjust
Always involves quality judgments
Burden of Proof
Define terms…what does it mean to you to be moral/immoral
Identify the criteria or standard by which to evaluate the claim of value

21. Claims of Policy What should be done
Will always involve an agent of action
Burden of proof
Problem exists
An inherent barrier to solving the problem
An action statement to attempt to correct the problem

22. Americans overvalue athletic competition.

23. The United States prison system should increase programs to rehabilitate inmates.
POLICY

24. Fastening seatbelts saves lives.
FACT

25. The United States federal government should substantially increase the number of and/or substantially expand beneficiary eligibility for its visas for one or more of the following: employment-based immigrant visas, nonimmigrant temporary worker visas, family-based visas, human trafficking-based visas.
POLICY

26. Computer technology will change American education.
FACT

27. Political parties are bad for effective government in the United States.
VALUE

28. Toulmin’s Model of Argumentation
How to construct an argument in any speech or discussion
EVIDENCE
CREDIBILITY
CLAIM
WARRANT
QUALIFIER
EVIDENCE
REBUTTAL

29. Claim
An assertion regarding a stance on a topic or idea
It is an assertion of fact, value, or policy
Posting private information on social networking sites like Facebook poses significant security risks.

30. Evidence Credibility
The qualifications of the author of the quoted work
In debate the evidence credibility is not fully stated in a debate round, but is typed and available for examination by opponents
In a debate round ONLY the LAST NAME and YEAR of the article/source is read aloud
Regular Speech Example:
According to the Computer Crime and Intellectual Property web site developed by the Cyberstalking Division of the U.S. Department of Justice and accessed on September 6, 2008
Debate Example
U.S. Department of Justice, Accessed 2008

31. Evidence
The quoted words used in debate to support the claim originally made
Is created by reading only important underlined material from an article.
When making evidence for debate all words in a paragraph or between paragraphs of quoted material must be present (though not read aloud) to ensure that nothing is taken out of context

32. THE MOST IMPORTANT PART OF TOULMIN’S MODEL!
Warrant
THE MOST IMPORTANT PART OF TOULMIN’S MODEL!
Connects the Evidence to the claim
Explains WHY the evidence matters and how you are interpreting/applying the evidence to your position/claim

33. Qualifier The exceptions to the rule Possible Qualifiers?
This is where one admits that sometimes a claim is not true in all instances
Cats are the Best Pet Smith, “Cats are very loving creatures”
Claim EV Cred EV
Possible Qualifiers?

34. Rebuttal
These are any counter-arguments or oppositions to a stated claim
As a debater you should research BOTH sides of the topic so as to anticipate what your opponent(s) may say in opposition to you.
Possible rebuttal to “Cats are the Best pets.”?

35. Argument Fallacies Bandwagon Slippery Slope False Analogy Red Herring
False Cause
Others?