1. The Building Blocks of Life
Cells
The Building Blocks of Life

2. The Cell Theory is a Fundamental Concept in Biology:
All living things are made of cells.
1838-Matthias Schleiden- “all plants are made of cells”
1839- Theodor Schwann- “all animals are made of cells”

3. The Cell Theory is a Fundamental Concept in Biology:
Cells are the basic unit of structure & function in living things.
Cells → Tissues → Organs → Systems → Organism
New cells are produced from existing cells.

4. What are the characteristics of life shared by all unicellular and multicellular organisms?

5. Are made of cells. Unicellular or Multicellular
Grow & develop. Mitosis Meiosis
Respond to stimulus in their environment.
Store information needed to live, grow & reproduce in the molecule DNA.
Reproduce: sexually or asexually.
Maintain homeostasis- stable environment.
Obtain & use energy through metabolism.
As groups of organisms evolve- change over generations.

6. All living things…..?

7. All living things…..?

8. All living things…..?

9. All living things…..?

10. What are the Two Main Types of Cells?

11. Prokaryotes - Unicellular
Pro karyote means before nucleus
Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membranous organelles.
Bacterial cell are prokaryotic.

12. Prokaryote
Prokaryotic organisms are unicellular. They are composed of only one cell that does NOT have a nucleus, but still carry out all of the characteristics of life.
All bacteria are examples of prokaryotic cells.

13. 1000um = 1mm

14. Eukaryotic Cells Eu karyote means “true nucleus”
Eukaryotic cells contain a membrane-bound nucleus and numerous membrane-enclosed organelles (e.g., mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus) not found in prokaryotes.
Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are all eukaryotes.

15. Eukaryotes- Unicellular or Multicellular

16. How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structures compare?

17. Cell Membrane

18. Prokaryotic Cell
Capsule- protects the cell from drying out & predators.
The cell walls of bacteria contain peptidoglycan—a polymer of sugars and amino acids that surrounds the cell membrane.

19. Prokaryotic Cell Ribosomes- make protein.
DNA- not enclosed by a nucleus.
Flagella can be used for movement & pili, serve mainly to anchor the bacterium to a surface or to other bacteria.

20. Prokaryote Size & Shape
Prokaryotes range in size from 1 to 5 micrometers, making them much smaller than most eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotes come in a variety of shapes.
Rod-shaped prokaryotes are called bacilli.
Spherical prokaryotes are called cocci.
Spiral and corkscrew-shaped prokaryotes are called spirilla.

21. Prokaryotes vary in the ways they obtain energy.

22. Prokaryote Reproduction
When a prokaryote has grown so that it has nearly doubled in size, it replicates its DNA and divides in half, producing two identical cells. This type of reproduction is known as binary fission.

23. Eukaryotic
Structure
and
Function

24. Eukaryotic Structure & Function
Nucleus
Nickname: “The Control Center”
Function: holds the DNA
Parts:
Nucleolus: dark spot in the middle of the nucleus that helps make ribosomes

25. Eukaryotic Structure & Function
Ribosomes
Function: makes proteins
Found in all cells, prokaryotic and eukaryotic

26. Eukaryotic Structure & Function
3. The Two Types of Endoplasmic Reticulum:
Rough ER:
Rough appearance because it has ribosomes
Function: helps make proteins, that’s why it has ribosomes
Smooth ER:
NO ribosomes
Function: makes fats or lipids

27. Eukaryotic Structure & Function
Golgi Complex
Nickname: The shippers
Function: packages, modifies, and transports materials to different location inside/outside of the cell
Appearance: stack of pancakes

28. Eukaryotic Structure & Function
Lysosomes: circular, but bigger than ribosomes)
Nickname: “Clean-up Crews”
Function: to break down food into particles the rest of the cell can use and to destroy old cells

29. Eukaryotic Structure & Function
Mitochondria
Nickname: “The Powerhouse”
Function: Energy formation
Breaks down food to make ATP
ATP: is the major fuel for all cell activities that require energy

31. Structure & Function- Plant Cells
Vacuoles
Function: stores water
This is what makes lettuce crisp
When there is no water, the plant wilts

32. Structure & Function- Plant Cells
Chloroplasts
Function: traps energy from the sun to produce food for the plant cell
Green in color because of chlorophyll, which is a green pigment

33. Structure & Function- Plant Cells
Cell Wall
Function: provides support and protection to the cell membrane
Found outside the cell membrane in plant cells

34. Where did eukaryotic cells come from?

35. Endosymbiotic Theory

36. Infolding of cell membrane
Nuclear Envelope, Nucleus, Endoplasmic Reticulum
Consumed a bacteria cell that was aerobic (needed O2) and heterotrophic (could not make its own food)
Became the mitochondria organelle. (They have their own DNA)
3. Consumed a bacteria cell that was photosynthetic (could make its own food)
Became a chloroplast organelle

37. Which became plant/animal cells?

38. What are the levels of biological organization and how is structure related to function?

39. Atoms & Molecules
The smallest level of biological organization is the molecular level.
It contains particles from atoms and molecules to complex molecules like DNA.
Examples of how the molecular level is important, are every living thing is carbon based (atom), every living thing has glucose and protein (molecules), and every living thing has DNA (complex molecules).

40. Cells
CELLS the smallest unit of life capable of carrying out all of the functions of living things.

41. Tissues
A tissue is a group of specialized cells that have a common structure and common function.

42. 4 Types of Tissues
Epithilial- tightly packed cells, line cavities inside body & cover the outside of the body. Function= protection against injury, invaders and fluid loss.
Connective- connects & supports other tissues. Ex. Fat, bone, cartilage, tendons & ligaments.

43. 4 Types of Tissues
Muscle- long cells that contract. This is the most abundant tissue in most animals. Contains the most mitochondria. Why?
Nervous- cells that sense stimuli and transmit signals throughout the body.

44. Organ
Several different types of tissues that function together to do a certain job, also known as an organ.

45. Organ-Systems

46. Organism
The organ system level makes up the next level which is the organism level.
The organism level is what the molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, and organ system level make up. Humans and animals are examples of the organism level.