1. Psychopathology: Definitions of abnormality
Is this abnormal?
What is abnormality?
What is normal?

2. In pairs, identify 10 celebrities and rank them from normal to abnormal
Discuss how each Celebrity would be viewed by the 5 different approaches.

3. What do we think normal is then?
Complete the card activity

4. Which disorders do these dysfunctional symptoms best describe?
Write the disorder on your mini whiteboard and
hold it up high!

5. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
A condition in which a person frequently relives a traumatic event in the form of flashbacks, nightmares, or repetitive and distressing images or sensations.
The person may try to avoid circumstances, situations or people that remind you of the traumatic event.
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

6. An intense and persistent fear of certain situations, activities, things, or people. The main symptom of this disorder is the excessive and unreasonable desire to avoid the feared subject.
Phobia

7. A condition which affects an individual’s eating habits, either as a result of their own doing (self-inflicted), or as a bodily reaction to the consumption of food. It can range from mild mental anguish to a life- threatening condition, and can affect every aspect of an individual’s daily life.
Eating Disorders

8. A mood state characterised by feelings of paranoia and extreme anxiety.
Includes feelings of restlessness and sadness
The onset is commonly between the ages of
Anxiety Disorder

9. A mood state characterised by a sense of inadequacy, which impairs daily functioning.
Includes feelings of pessimism, sadness and a decrease in daily activity. The age onset is commonly between the ages of
Depression

10. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
A mood state characterised by feelings of contempt and disgust.
Symptoms include obsessive behaviours and routine.
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

11. Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD)
A disorder which is characterised by different personalities controlling the host
Feelings include loss of control, paranoia and violence
Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD)

12. Bi-Polar Disorder (Depression)
A disorder which is characterized by paranoia and hallucinations, which include episodes of extreme happiness and extreme feelings of worthlessness
Bi-Polar Disorder (Depression)

13. A disorder characterized by distortions in perception including senses such as light, hearing, taste, smell and touch but most commonly manifests as auditory hallucinations, paranoid or bizarre delusions, or disorganized speech and thinking.
Schizophrenia

14. Genital Retraction Syndrome (Koro) …More on this in a moment!
A condition in which an individual is overcome with the belief that his/her external genitals are retracting into the body, shrinking, or in some male cases, may be imminently removed or disappear.
Beliefs in many instances assert such a physical change to the individual that the result is often fatal.
Genital Retraction Syndrome (Koro) …More on this in a moment!

15. Read the information about Genital Retraction Syndrome - BLOG 1
Read the information about Genital Retraction Syndrome - BLOG 1. How could the approaches be use to explain why ‘Koro’ is a Culture Specific Disorder? 2. How might these cultural and gender differences alter a diagnosis?

16. What do we need to know?
Definitions of abnormality: deviation from social norms
Definitions of abnormality: failure to function adequately
Definitions of abnormality: statistical infrequency
Definitions of abnormality: deviation from ideal mental health

17. OUR FOCUS IN THIS UNIT: PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
The study of psychological disorder.
How many psychological disorders can we think of?
What is our understanding of psychopathology already?
(The images may help you)
Definitons of abnormality

18. There are 100s that could be categorised this way;
ADHD
Autism
Phobias
Depression
OCD
Asperger’s
Alcohol dependency
Bipolar
Bulimia
Hypochondria
Insomnia
Narcolepsy
Psychosis
Schizophrenia
SAD- seasonal affective disorder
Tourette’s

19. There are a number of ways of defining abnormality
Statistical Infrequency
Deviation for social Norm’s
Failure to Function Adequately
Deviation from Ideal Mental Health

20. Statistical Infrequency

21. Statistical Infrequency
By definition abnormality means deviating from the norm or average.
Statistically infrequent behaviour is regarded as abnormal, whereas frequent behaviour is normal.
Individual characteristics can be measured (e.g., mood, intelligence, etc) and the distribution of these characteristics within the population can be graphed. The normal distribution curve shows the majority of people as being in the middle. These people are defined as ‘normal’. Relatively few people fall at either end. However, if they are then they are defined as ‘abnormal’.
For example, most “normal” people eat an
average of between 1500 to 3000 calories a day.
However, anorexics consume very few calories,
and bulimics consume lots
– which makes their behaviour “abnormal”.

22. The statistical definition
Example: Intelligence can be reliably measured using IQ testing
We know that majority of the population’ scores will hover around the average- NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
Abnormal???
Abnormal???
The spread is measured by standard deviation. 68% of the population fall between 1 SD either side of the mean and 95% fall between 2 SD. Thus, scores outside this range are unusual, therefore 2.5% fall below it and 2.5% above it.

23. Normal Distribution
abnormality is defined as anything that is statistically infrequent
Any score that is two standard deviations or more away from the mean denotes abnormality
It helps to know about normal distribution, a characteristic of behaviour is seen as normally distributed if the mean average, mode and median all fall in the same place

24. Knowing that the data is normally distributed means that anyone a long way away outside the average could be regards as abnormal.

25. IQ scores of 130+ are just as infrequent but you wouldn’t call these people abnormal
Jodie Foster
Albert Einstein
Sharon Stone
Madonna
Charles Darwin
Bill Gates
Abraham Lincoln
Hillary Clinton
Sir Isaac Newton

26. HOWEVER…..
There are statistically frequent behaviours which are considered as abnormal.
i.e. - depression is frequent is the UK, however it is considered a mental health disorder and abnormal.
Abnormal behaviour is not rare, most people are likely to show abnormal behaviour some time in their life.

27. Consider
Some one who fits the criteria for mental illness but are living happy and independent lives
Sarah and Michelle are both sisters, Sarah has an IQ of 69 and Michelle has an IQ of 70, both work on a full time basis at their Local Tesco’s, Sarah is thinking of going back to college and do an NVQ qualification, whilst Michelle is expecting her first child and wants to become a full-time mum.
Cut off point is a IQ score of 70, how can we justify someone as being abnormal if they have a score of 69

28. EVALUATION – AO3
The main way in which a GP will tell if someone has depression is by asking the patient lots of questions about their general health and how they are feeling.
What symptoms do you think they are looking for?
•continuous low mood or sadness
•having low self-esteem
•feeling tearful
•feeling irritable and intolerant of others
•having no motivation or interest in things
•finding it difficult to make decisions
•not getting any enjoyment out of life
•feeling anxious or worried
•having suicidal thoughts or thoughts of harming yourself
Do the majority of people feel like this, the majority of the time?

29. Strengths
It gives a quantitative measure that is objective. (Useful to have a definitive cut off).
On a practical level this can be useful as evidence in support of requests for assistance and funding for those identified.
Why are high IQ scores not seen as ‘abnormal’. We praise these?
What is wrong with this?
Abnormal in both a statistical and a mental health sense may not be a bad thing - e.g. an IQ score of 130+ is likely to be seen as desirable, what is statistically infrequent such as genius may not be bad.
Negative labelling
Is there a benefit in labelling someone- however ‘abnormal’ they are according to statistics?
If someone is labelled as ‘abnormal’ it may have a negative impact on a life they are living that is actually quite fulfilled!
We see this a lot on ‘THE UNDATEABLES’
Weaknesses
It gives a quantitative measure that is objective. The advantage of an objective measurement is that it is more likely to be reliable and therefore suitable, someone else administering the same test is likely to get the same result and draw the same conclusion about abnormality
Some areas of functioning such as IQ highlight abnormality as lack of normal functioning in some way, on a practical level this can be useful as evidence in support of requests for assistance and funding for those identified, having a number is not only useful because it is seen as objective but also because it is accepted as more scientific.

30. Deviation from Social Norms http://www. youtube. com/watch
Deviation from Social Norms Discuss!

31. Deviation from social norms
Every society has accepted standards of behaviour, these are sometimes written as part of the law.
Others are implicit : they are generally accepted but not legally binding
E.g. not standing too close to someone when they are talking.
Social norms allow for the regulation of normal behaviour.
One approach to defining abnormality is to consider deviations from the social norm as an indicator of abnormal behaviour.

32. What are social norms? ~ ideas on a post it note!
Queuing for one hour in the Post Office
Being covered head to toe in tattoos
Stealing from the local shop
Not standing too close to someone when you speak
Hearing voices in our head
Counting the number of times you chew your food
Being part of a gay community
Being a member of an church group that meets daily
Having big holes in your earlobes
Wearing appropriate clothes when its cold.
Saying please and thank you
Wearing a diving suit when walking down the road

33. The social norms definition
This definition states that behaviour which conforms to social norms is normal and behaviour that does not is abnormal
Norms are social rules that are not laws but customs and people in society abide by such rules in their behaviour
There are aspects of society though to be taken into account like the situation, age, cultural, gender and historical context.

34. The effect of context
In some countries if you are found to be homosexual then you are forced to have a transgender operation and deemed to suffer from a mental illness!
The situation and context for the behaviour are both important, a behaviour might be abnormal in one context but normal in another
Being naked in public???
Or…. if someone chose to go out wearing a chicken suit that would be considered abnormal, BUT normal for a charity event, or a fancy dress party!

35. The effect of age and gender
Age is another factor in making a judgement about abnormality, for example a 3 year old might take his clothes off in public but this would be considered as abnormal for an adult.
What may be considered as normal for a man, on a hot sunny day walking around shirtless would not be considered as normal for a woman!

36. The effect of historical context
What was considered as the norm many years ago might have changed for example becoming pregnant outside wedlock was considered evidence as a mental health problem 100 years ago, women could have been put into an institution because of it
Homosexuality is listed in DSM (1980)
Drapetomania = Slaves experienced an irrational desire to run away
Nymphomania = Middle class women sexually attracted to working class men
Moral insanity = Women who inherited money and spent it on themselves rather than male relatives

37. Strengths and Weaknesses
In pairs, develop some evaluation points:
TASKS:
Read the pgs 3-4 and ensure you have notes on these 2 definition's
Complete activities on pgs 4 and 5 of your packs
Using your packs and text books, read, make notes and complete the activities in your packs regarding the other 2 definitions:
Failure to function adequately
Deviation from ideal mental health
Stretch yourself! – plan an answer to the exam question on the Blog… I have a hard copy if you prefer

38. Homework Complete work from todays lesson
Revise the 4 definitions of abnormality for next lesson