1. US enters the War!
Pg- 19

2. AP study Notes. org
As war raged in Europe, President Woodrow Wilson argued that the United States should remain neutral in this conflict, urging Americans to be “impartial in thought as well as in action.” Given the distance between the United States and Europe, Americans readily embraced Wilson’s neutral stance.
Although approximately one-third of American citizens had been born in Europe or were children of European immigrants, most were relieved to stay out of the conflict.

3. U.S. Enters War -Peace without Victory -idealistic peace plan
-Submarine warfare continues
-Zimmerman Note intercepted
-Wilson calls for War
“War to make world safe for democracy” Allies are all now Democratic Countries
-Russian Revolution takes them out of the war- Bolshevik Revolution

4. U.S. Enters War -Peace without Victory -idealistic peace plan
-Submarine warfare continues
-Zimmerman Note intercepted
-Wilson calls for War
“War to make world safe for democracy”
-Russian Revolution takes them out of the war

5. Military Operations
-Selective Service Act
drafted over 3 million troops May 1917
*2million actually went to E, ¾ combat
-recruits trained for 9 months

6. Military Operations
-transportation problems :Germany sinking twice as many ships as the Allies had build
gov’t control of industry: **Overtook ships & converted them to transatlantic war ships
use of convoy system: Heavy guarded destroyers escorted merchant ships back & forth across the Atlantic in groups,

7. **In April 1917 the loss of Allied ships to German submarines had reached its largest monthly total. In order to slow down the destruction of ships, a new idea of moving ships in convoys, or large numbers, was used. Over the next several months the change was dramatic—the number of ships lost to German submarine attack was cut by more than 50 percent.

10. Military Operations -”Over There”- Europe
-”Dough Boys” : Am. Infantrymen- White Belts, never ventured far from home, shocked by WAR
-General John Pershing : commander of Dough Boys, Did NOT believe in fighting a DEFENSIVE BATTLE
American Expeditionary Force
-Argonne Forest Campaign: Helped the Allies break the German spirit & Western Front, direct causes of G Surrender, Nov. 11th-Armistice
-Alvin York-American Hero: opposed the war, decided killing was just, killed 25 Gs, captured 132
-Armistice Nov. 1918
no battles fought in Germany

12. -Armistice Nov. 1918 no battles fought in Germany

13. Fighting Over There
-most U.S. soldiers were not experienced travelers, Dough Boys
-huge cannons, Zeppelins, machine guns, poison gases, tanks, airplanes
-poor medical care
shell shock: Term Coined by WWI, to describe a complete emotional collapse after war , trench foot,

14. Preparing for War
-War Industries Board
Gov’t regulated the Economy
-Opportunities for Women /Minorities
-Conservation efforts: rationing :“Meatless Mon”
Victory Garden” tripled shipments to the allies
Daylight Savings Time

15. The Food Administration, headed by Herbert Hoover, worked to ensure the well being of the nation’s food supply.
To save food for export, Hoover asked Americans to observe “meatless Tuesdays” and “wheatless Wednesdays” in the name of patriotism. He also asked Americans to plant “victory gardens,” small gardens that sprouted up in backyards and empty lots, to help make Americans more self-sufficient and less dependent on the national food supply.
Hoover’s efforts paid off for both the U.S. and the Allies. Food produced in America increased in yield by 25 percent, while food exported to the Allied nations swelled to over three times the amount before the push of voluntary conservation

16. Preparing for War
-Liberty Bonds, increased taxes -Letting the Gov’t borrow $
PAID FOR MOST OF THE WAR!!!!!!!!

17. Preparing for War
-War Industries Board
-Opportunities for Women /Minorities
-Conservation efforts
Victory Gardens
Daylight Savings Time
-Liberty Bonds, increased taxes

18. Preparing for War
-War Industries Board
-Opportunities for Women /Minorities
-Conservation efforts
Victory Gardens
Daylight Savings Time
-Liberty Bonds, increased taxes

19. Preparing for War
-War Industries Board
-Opportunities for Women /Minorities
-Conservation efforts
Victory Gardens
Daylight Savings Time
-Liberty Bonds, increased taxes

21. Public Opinion
-Committee on Public Information propaganda Agency (biased communication to sway Public Opinion)
George Creel
4 Minute Men
“I want You” Campaign

22. Mobilizing the nation for War.
In an attempt to unify the nation, the Wilson administration undertook a remarkable propaganda campaign to sway American opinion toward intervention in the European conflict. The centerpiece of this campaign was the Committee on Public Information, also known as the Creel Committee.

23. Headed by George Creel, a well-known progressive journalist, the committee’s purpose was to sell the American public on the war, to communicate the aims and goals of the Allied Powers, and to demoralize the Central Powers in the eyes of Americans. The committee mobilized about 75,000 individuals, known as “four-minute men,” to deliver pro-American addresses in public places. The committee also created and distributed millions of copies of pamphlets, posters, and leaflets exhorting the dangers of the Central Powers.

24. Public Opinion
-Anti-immigrant sentiment
-Espionage 1917(disloyalty)
and Sedition Act 1918 (rebelling against one’s Gov’t)
Schenck v. United States : clear & present danger
*In time of war, you cannot yell “Fire” in a crowded building

25. Espionage and Sedition…
To reassure American citizens and to quash the dissenting political opinions of the anti-war factions, the U.S. government established the Espionage Act of Under this act, anyone convicted of aiding the enemy, obstructing military recruiting, or inciting rebellion in the military was subject to fines of up to $10,000 and imprisonment for up to 20 years.
Almost one year later, Congress passed the Sedition Act of In an effort to expand the powers of the Espionage Act, the Sedition Act made it illegal to speak against the purchase of war bonds or to “utter, print, write or publish any disloyal, profane, scurrilous or abusive language” against the U.S. government or the Constitution.

26. Espionage and Sedition…
These two acts provided the legal foundation for almost two thousand prosecutions, many of which involved antiwar Socialists and members of a radical group called the Industrial Workers of the World. In 1918, Socialist Eugene V. Debs was convicted under the Espionage Act and sentenced to 10 years in a federal penitentiary for giving an anti-war speech. 

27. Many in America argued that the Espionage and Sedition Act were in violation of the Constitution’s First Amendment. The argument was ultimately debated in the Supreme Court in the case of Schenck v. U.S. in Charles Schenck was the general secretary of the Socialist Party. Schenck believed that the military draft was unlawful and mailed letters to draftees urging them not to report for military duty, an action clearly in violation of the Espionage Act. Like Debs and Haywood, Schenck was arrested, charged, and convicted for the crime of criticizing a government initiative.

28. During Schenck’s appeal, the Supreme Court upheld the legality of his conviction, thereby supporting the structure and purpose of the Espionage Act. Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes argued that during a time of war the nation had the right to protect its interest even if that meant suppressing certain freedoms.

30. Social Changes
-African Americans
Great Migration brought increased opportunities *100,000 Blacks moved N
Civil Rights Debated??
-Women
took the jobs left by many men
19th Amendment was passed

31. Epidemic -World War brought disease to a new level
-large groups of people were exposed
-Influenza (flu) outbreak of 1918 spread all over the world
-1/4 of the U.S. fell victim and ½ million died
-as many as 40 million dead worldwide