1. Chapter 4
Heritage of Africa

2. The Gold-Salt Trade
Trade Routes stretched from the Middle East and North Africa to the savanna lands of West Africa
--- Traveled at night, by stars, to avoid day-time heat
--- Traded gold for salt (more valuable than gold or silver!)
--- This trade helped cities become empires

3. The Empire of Ghana West African Kingdom --- Ruler “King of Gold”
--- Governed through princes and officials picked by the emperor
--- Kings power rested on gold trade
--- Built an army from profits
Berbers: merchants from the north
11th century, Almoravids defeat Ghana

4. The Empire of Mali Mandingos set up empire of Mali
Mansa Musa, 1312 A.D.
--- Conquered salt mines, expanded the empire.
--- Adopted the Islam religion
--- Law system based on the Koran
--- Built many Mosques
Power struggles weakened the empire

5. Mansa Musa was a Muslim from Mali pilgrimage to Mecca

6. Rise of Songhai Rose as Mali declined 1464 – Sunni Ali gained power
--- Restores safety in the trade route
--- Controlled all major trade routes
Askia Muhamed takes over
--- Teachings of Islam, goes to Mecca
--- Timbuktu > center of learning
Fell in 1591: Moroccan soldiers
--- Had guns and cannons

7. Forest Kingdom of Benin/ East Africa
Benin is near the Niger River
Preserved history through ORAL traditions
Many Artisans used brass, wood and ivory in capitol city.
East Africa offers great harbors and small villages.
--- city-states> large town that has grown into a group of larger cities.
--- Islam takes root
’s, the Portuguese take control

8. Zimbabwe GOLD came from here. Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers
Broke apart in 1500’s due to internal power struggles.

9. Review Questions
1. Name the most valuable natural resource discussed in this section.
2. What religion did Mansa Musa follow? Where did he make a pilgrimage to?
3. When did people travel on the trade routes? Why?
4. Why were the Moroccan soldiers able to defeat the people of Songhai?
5. What is a city-state?
6. Where did most of the gold traders come from?
7. How did trade contribute to the rise of strong states in Africa?

10. “The ruin of a nation begins in the homes of its people”
A Ghana Proverb

11. Patterns of Life – Section 2
Family Ties
Extended Families – farming and herding communities. Eldest male heads family
Lineage and Clan – creates a bond of loyalty
--- Kinship ties encouraged a strong sense of community
--- Several lineages make up a clan

12. Patterns of Government
Rulers led a large empire, sometimes this ruler was a distant figure.
Small villages: decisions are made through public discussion
--- goal is to reach a consensus
--- Elders make final decision

13. Economic Organizations
Most Africans were farmers or herders
--- subsistence farmers

14. Women
Planting, weeding, harvesting, educate the young, and prepared daughters for marriage.
Ashanti Tribe: women ruled!
Other: women had little power. Women were property of their man.
Bride Wealth: brides family got $$$ from groom. Cattle was the gift in herding societies
--- recognizes a woman’s importance

15. Age Grade System Ties of loyalty
Includes all boys and girls born the same year
Special ceremonies marking growth stages
Learn the values of society
1. Who was in charge of this system?
2. Why did they learn the songs and sacred knowledge?
3. What did they learn at the Koranic school?

16. African Religion Religion helps to unite the society
Traditional Beliefs
--- Most are monotheistic
--- Ancestors can help or harm you
Diviners and Healers
--- Interpreters between people and the divine world
Christianity: Ethiopia for 1500 years, 1800’s Europeans pushed into Africa
Islam: Jihad – holy war, Usuman dan Fodo united the Fulani herders, conquered the Hausa, created the Hausa-Fulani Empire (current day)

17. Review Questions Who would use a consensus decision? What is polygamy?
What crops do subsistence farmers grow?
How were the women of the Ashanti tribe treated?
What is bride wealth?
Describe who participates in the Age-Grade System and what it is.
What Empire is Usuman dan Fodio part of?

18. The Slave Trade – Section 3
Olaudah Equiano: 11 year old slave
--- Kidnapped in Nigeria
--- Took the “Middle Passage”
--- Wrote book describing slave treatment

19. Slavery
First Slaves were treated as part of an African Community. Servants, not property.
--- They could become members of their society.
Colonies in the New World needed a large labor force. Slaves were cheaper than Indentured Servants.

20. Exploring the Coast of Africa
First contact between Europeans and Africans was early 1400’s.
Portuguese Prince Henry the Navigator
--- looking for gold/Sea route around Africa to India

21. Items Traded for Slaves
European Slavers relied on local African rulers to get slaves
Traded Guns for slaves
--- Began trading with the “locals”
Brought Christian missionaries, to convert.

22. Trade in Human Beings
Demand for slaves was limited until Columbus discovers America.
1500 – “Slavery” changes
1700 – Height of slave trade. 60,000 per year
Middle Passage: trip from Africa to New World
Slaves for guns --- Paid local Africans for their own race
Slave trade lasted 400 years – 2-3 million deaths

23. End of the Slave Trade Abolition --- Quakers: strong supporters
--- Europeans in 1800s
Effects
--- Disrupted whole societies in Africa
--- Economic life suffered
--- Diaspora: the scattering of people
--- Sierra Leone and Liberia: 1787 British set up a colony in West Africa for freed slaves

24. Review Questions Who is Olaudah Equiano? What is the Middle Passage?
What was the first European country to make direct contact with the Africans?
How did Europeans get their slaves?
What were some of the negative affects caused by slavery --- in Africa?
What happened in Sierra Leone and Liberia in 1787?

25. Age of European Imperialism – Section 4
1800’s, Europeans begin to explore Africa
David Livingstone
European Motives:
Economic – raw materials (rubber, palm oil, cotton, ivory, and rare hardwoods)
Political – Nationalism “We’re #1”
Religious – Spread Christianity, improve health

26. Scramble for Colonies What helped the Europeans move into Africa?
1. Maxim Gun
2. Medication to prevent diseases
The Berlin Conference: Europeans made decisions about dividing up Africa…..
France, Britain competed for Egypt
Belgium gets the Congo
--- Exploited human and mineral resources
--- Resist? Get hands or ears cut off

28. African Resistance Many Africans resist European Imperialism
--- millions of Africans died
Congo
--- population fell from 20 million to 8 million
Europeans had superior weapons and other technology, locals did not have

29. Struggled for Southern Africa
Migrating people
--- Zulus disrupt traditional patterns of life
--- Shaka Zulu
Boers: Dutch/African citizens move to South Africa
--- Boers defeat the Zulus with help from the British.

30. Diamonds and Gold Diamonds discovered in 1867; Gold in 1884
By 1902 British defeat the Boers in the Boer War
South Africa settled in 1910
--- Only white men had the right to vote
--- Boers gain control of the government

31. Review Questions What was David Livingstone's connection with Africa?
What type of person was Leopold II?
Why did the Europeans take an interest in Africa in the 1800’s?
Why did African efforts to resist European imperialism fail?
What happened at the Berlin Conference?
What was a Political interest in gaining a foot in Africa?

32. What methods did Europeans use to rule their colonies? (Define)
How did the Europeans economically exploit their colonies?
Why did a Money Economy change life in Africa?
Where were material improvements made in Colonial Africa?

33. Effects of European Rule – Section 5
--- Introduced European Legal System
< Impersonal (not communal or consensus)
< Right or Wrong (not what they were used to)
< Used to take away tribal land!

34. Effects of European Rule
New Political System
Colonial Governments
--- Direct rule: colonial power controlled the govt. at every level
--- Indirect rule: leave local rulers in place, but colonial powers made decisions
Traditional African rulers no longer had power or influence

35. Money Economy Europeans expected their colonies to be profitable.
--- Exploited the natural resources of their colony (Mining and Plantations)
--- Upset traditional patterns of African life
< Men left homes for long periods to work in the mines
< Land no longer part of the community
--- Africans now more dependent on the Colonial Rulers

36. Cash Crops Crops that can be sold on the World Market
(cotton, rice, coffee, and sugar)
<Europeans forced Africans to grow these, instead of creating industry (like in the USA)
< Some tribes had to import their own food
Positive: new seeds and fertilizer led to greater output

37. Improvements New Communication methods Built roads Railroads
Missionaries set up hospitals
Schools
Better sanitation

38. European Education Set up elementary schools
Africans learned European history and culture (not African culture or history)
Formed an EDUCATED ELITE
A small group of people with high social status.
Who is an ELITE member of CD EAST?

39. Review Questions 1. What happens with Direct Rule?
2. What is Indirect Rule?
3. How did Europeans treat their colonies? Give an example.
4. Name two improvements brought into Africa.
5. did European rule affect African culture?
6. How can European Imperialism of Africans compare to treatment during colonial America?

40. Direct Rule – Colonial power controlled the govt. at every level.
What methods did Europeans use to rule their colonies? (Define)
Direct Rule – Colonial power controlled the govt. at every level.
Indirect Rule – Leave traditional rulers in place
How did the Europeans economically exploit their colonies?
Sent raw materials to Europe.
Set up plantations to grow cash crops.
Where were material improvements made in Colonial Africa?
Transportation (Roads, Rails)
Communication (Telegraph)
Weakened family life
Social (Hospitals, Sanitation, Schools)
Why did a Money Economy change life in Africa?
No more Bartering!
Created differences in wealth
Land was not communal anymore
More dependent on the Imperialistic Nations