1. Network Analysis by Barry Wellman

3. Three Ways to Look at Reality
Categories
All Possess One or More Properties as an Aggregate of Individuals
Examples: Men, Developed Countries
Groups
(Almost) All Densely-Knit Within Tight Boundary
Thought of as a Solitary Unit (Really a Special Network)
Family, Workgroup, Community
Networks
Set of Connected Units: People, Organizations, Networks
Can Belong to Multiple Networks
Examples: Friendship, Organizational, Inter-, World-System, Internet

4. Nodes, Relationships & Ties
Nodes: A Unit That Possibly is Connected
Individuals, Households, Groups, Organizations, States
Relationships (A Specific Type of Connection)
Gives Emotional Support
Sends Money To
Attacks
Ties (One or More Relationships)
Friendship (with possibly many relationships)

5. A Network is More Than The Sum of Its Ties
A Network Consists of One or More Nodes
Could be Persons, Organizations, Groups, Nations
Connected by One or More Ties
Could be One or More Relationships
That Form Distinct, Analyzable Patterns
Can Study Patterns of Relationships OR Ties

6. Overview - Journals Wellman founded, Connections, 1977
Informal journal: “Useful” articles, news, gossip, grants, abstracts, book summaries
Bill Richards, Tom Valente edit now
Lin Freeman founded, Social Networks, 1978
Formal journal: Refereed articles
Ronald Breiger now co-editor
David Krackhardt founded, J of Social Structure, 2000
Online, Refereed
Lots of visuals
Articles Appear Occasionally when their time has come

7. Overview – Key Books Elizabeth Bott, Family & Social Network, 1957
J. Clyde Mitchell, Networks, Norms & Institutions, 1973
Holland & Leinhardt, Perspectives on Social Network Research,1979
S. D. Berkowitz, An Introduction to Structural Analysis, 1982
Knoke & Kuklinski, Network Analysis, 1983
Charles Tilly, Big Structures, Large Processes, Huge Comparisons, 1984
David Knoke, Political Networks, 1990
John Scott, Social Network Analysis, 1991
Ron Burt, Structural Holes, 1992
Manuel Castells, The Rise of Network Society, 1996, 2000
Wasserman & Faust, Social Network Analysis, 1992
Nan Lin, Social Capital (monograph & reader), 2001
Monge & Contractor, Theories of Communication Networks, 2003

8. Overview – Software UCINet – Whole Network Analysis
MultiNet – Whole Network Analysis
P*Star – Dyadic Analysis
Krackplot – Network Visualization
Pajek – Network Visualization
Personal Network Analysis
SPSS/SAS – See Wellman, et al. “How To…” papers

9. The Social Network Approach
The world is composed of networks - not densely-knit, tightly-bounded groups
Networks provide flexible means of social organization and of thinking about social organization
Networks have emergent properties of structure and composition
Networks are a major source of social capital mobilizable in themselves and from their contents
Networks are self-shaping and reflexive
Networks scale up to networks of networks

10. Networked Individualism
Moving from a society bound up in little boxes to a multiple network – and networking – society
Networks are a flexible means of social organization
Networks are a major source of social capital: mobilizable in themselves & from their contents
Networks link:
Persons
Within organizations
Between organizations and institutions

11. Networked Individualism
Little Boxes
Glocalization
Networked Individualism
Barry Wellman co-editor Social Structure: A Network Approach JAI-Elsevier Press 1998

12. Ways of Looking at Networks
Whole Networks & Personal Networks
Focus on the System or on the Set of Individuals
Graphs & Matrices
We dream in graphs
We analyze in matrices

13. Whole Social Networks
Comprehensive Set of Role Relationships in a Full System
Analyze Each Role Relationship – Can Combine
Composition: % Women; Heterogeneity; % Weak Ties
Structure: Pattern of Ties
Village, Organization, Kinship, Enclaves, World-System
Typical Methods: Cliques, Blocks, Centrality, Flows
(1) What is the Real Structure of an Organization?
(2) How Does Information Flow Through a Village?

14. Duality of Persons & Groups
People Link Groups
Groups Link People
An Interpersonal Net is an Interorganizational Net
Ronald Breiger 1973

15. The Dualities of Persons and Groups -- Graphs

16. Dualities of Persons and Groups -- Matrices

17. Dualities of Persons and Groups: Event-Event Matrix

18. Neat Whole Network Methods
QAP
Regression of Matrices
Example: Co-Citation (Intellectual Tie)
Predicts Better than Friendship (Social Tie)
To Inter-Citation
Clustering: High Density; Tight Boundaries (“Groups”)
Block Modeling
Similar Role Relationships, Not Necessarily Clusters
Canada & Mexico in Same Block – US Dominated

19. Erickson, 1988: From a Matrix > . . .

20. . . . To a Block Model

21. Costs of Whole Network Analysis
Requires a Roster of Entire Population
Requires (Imposition of) a Social Boundary
This May Assume What You Want to Find
Hard to Handle Missing Data
Needs Special Analytic Packages
Becoming Easier to Use

22. Personal Social Networks
Ptolemaic Ego-Centered View
Good for Unbounded Networks
Often Uses Survey Research
Example:
(1) Do Densely-Knit Networks Provide More Support? (structure)
(2) Do More Central People Get More Support?(network)
(2) Do Women Provide More Support? (composition)
(3) Do Face-to-Face Ties Provide More Support Than Internet Ties? (relational)
(4) Are People More Isolated Now? (ego)