1. Overview of Computer Architecture and Organization
Module I
Overview of Computer Architecture and Organization

2. What is a Computer ???

3. Definition: Cambridge
It is an ​electronic ​machine that is used for ​storing, ​organizing, and ​finding words, ​numbers, and ​pictures, for doing ​calculations, and for ​controlling other ​machines

4. Definition It is a fast electronic calculating machine that
accepts digitized input information
process it according to a list of internally stored information and
produces the resulting output information

5. Syllabus

6. Pre-requisites Fundamentals of Computer Digital Logic Circuits
Programming Languages (C, C++, Java)

7. Module 1 Overview of Computer Architecture & Organization:
• Introduction of Computer Organization and Architecture.
• Basic organization of computer and block level description of the functional units.
• Evolution of Computers, Von Neumann model.
• Performance measure of Computer Architecture.
• Introduction to buses and connecting I/O devices to CPU and Memory, bus structure.

8. Module 1 Overview of Computer Architecture & Organization:
• Introduction of Computer Organization and Architecture.
• Basic organization of computer and block level description of the functional units.
• Evolution of Computers, Von Neumann model.
• Performance measure of Computer Architecture.
• Introduction to buses and connecting I/O devices to CPU and Memory, bus structure.

9. Module 2 Data Representation and Arithmetic Algorithms:
• Number representation: Binary Data representation, two’s complement representation and Floating-point representation. IEEE 754 floating point number representation.
• Integer Data computation: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication: Signed multiplication, Booth’s algorithm, Division of integers: Restoring and non-restoring division, Floating point arithmetic: Addition, subtraction

10. Module 3 Processor Organization and Architecture:
• CPU Architecture, Register Organization , Instruction formats, basic instruction cycle. Instruction interpretation and Sequencing.
• Control Unit: Soft wired (Micro-programmed) and hardwired control unit design methods. Microinstruction sequencing and execution. Micro operations, concepts of nano programming.
• Introduction to RISC and CISC architectures and design issues.
• Case study on 8085 microprocessor: Features, architecture, pin configuration and addressing modes.

11. Module 4 Memory Organization:
Introduction to Memory and Memory parameters. Classifications of primary and secondary memories. Types of RAM and ROM, Allocation policies, Memory hierarchy and characteristics. Cache memory: Concept, architecture (L1, L2, L3), mapping
techniques. Cache Coherency, Interleaved and Associative Memory Virtual Memory: Concept, Segmentation and Paging , Page replacement policies.

12. Module 5 I/O Organization and Peripherals:
Input/output systems, I/O modules and 8089 IO processor.
Types of data transfer techniques: Programmed I/O, Interrupt driven I/O and DMA.
Peripheral Devices: Introduction to peripheral devices, scanner, plotter, joysticks, touch pad.

13. Module 6 Introduction to parallel processing systems:
Introduction to parallel processing concepts
• Flynn’s classifications
• pipeline processing
• instruction pipelining,
• pipeline stages
• Pipeline hazards.

14. Text Books
1. Carl Hamacher, Zvonko Vranesic and Safwat Zaky, “Computer Organization”, Fifth Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill.
2. John P. Hayes, “Computer Architecture and Organization”, Third Edition.
3. William Stallings, “Computer Organization and Architecture: Designing for Performance”, Eighth Edition, Pearson.
4. B. Govindarajulu, “Computer Architecture and Organization: Design Principles and Applications”, Second Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill.

15. Reference Books
1. Dr. M. Usha, T. S. Srikanth, “Computer System Architecture and Organization”,First Edition, Wiley- India.
2. “Computer Organization” by ISRD Group, Tata McGraw-Hill.
3. Ramesh Gaonkar, “Microprocessor Architecture, Programming and Applications with the 8085, Fifth Edition,Penram.

16. Termwork Term work should consist of at least 08 experiments.
Journal must include at least 2 assignments.
The final certification and acceptance of term work ensures that satisfactory performance
of laboratory work and minimum passing marks in term work.
Term Work: 25 Marks ( total marks ) =
15 Marks ( Experiment ) +
5 Marks ( Assignment ) +
5 (Attendance (theory+practical))
oral exam will be based on the above syllabus.

17. My Computer

18. Lenovo Desktop Name & Model : Intel Core i3-2120 CPU Speed : 3.3 GHz
RAM : 2GB
32-bit Operating System
Hard disk : 320GB
HOW MANY CORES ARE IN YOUR MOBILE?

19. Micro architecture
It is a description of the electrical circuitry of a computer central processing unit that is sufficient for completely describing the operation of the hardware.

20. Types of Computers Desktop & Mobile Notebook Workstations Mainframes
Servers
Supercomputers

21. DESKTOP COMPUTERs It has
Processing & Storage units(e.g. Hard disks, CD‐ROMs),
visual display &audio output units,
Input units ( keyboard, mouse, etc)
It can be easily located on a home or office desk
Used in homes, schools, business offices,…

22. NOTEBOOK COMPUTERs Compact form of personal computer (laptop)
Size of a thin briefcase
Portable

23. WORKSTATIONs Has high resolution graphics input/output capability
Has dimensions of desktop computer
More computational power than PC
Costlier
Used to solve complex problems which arises in engineering application

24. Mainframe Also called Enterprise Systems
More computational power and storage than Workstation
Used for business data processing in medium to large corporations.

25. Servers Contain big database storage units.
Handles large volumes of data requests
Requests and responses are transported via Internet
They are widely accessible to all.

26. Supercomputers Faster than mainframes
Helps in large scale numerical calculations
Used for aircraft design and testing, military application, weather forecasting, etc.

27. Quiz

28. Question : 01 The acronym PC stands for: Private Computer
Personal Computer
Personal Compact

29. Question : 02 Complex scientific research is usually done using:
Mainframe Computer
Super Computer
Mini Computer

30. Question : 03
A laptop is an example for Personal Computer
True
False

31. Question : 04 Which is not a Personal Computer Desktop Laptop
Mainframe
Tablet

32. Question : 05
Mainframes are very cheap
True
False

33. This course is about: What computers consist of How computers work
How they are organized internally
What are the design tradeoffs
How design affects programming and applications
How to fix computers
How to build myself one real cheap
Which one to buy
Knowing all about the core i3, i5, i7

34. Introduction of Computer Architecture and Organization

35. University Question
Differentiate between Computer Architecture and Organization (05 Marks)

36. Computer Architecture
Defn: It refers to the attributes of a system visible to a programmer that have a direct impact on the logical execution of a program
E.g. : Instruction set, No. of bits for various datatypes,…

37. Computer Organization
Defn: It refers to the operational units and their interconnections that realize the architectural specifications.
E.g. Interfaces, Memory Used,…

38. Example Whether to have multiply instruction?
Architectural Issue
Organizational Issue
Whether to have multiply instruction?
Whether to include a multiply unit or go for repeated addition?

39. Example : IBM System/370 This architecture was introduced in 1970
Still it is used in IBM’s Mainframe product line

42. Introduction
Information handled by computer are of two types: Instructions & Data
Instructions: They are explicit commands that
Govern transfer of information within and out of computer
Specifies arithmetic and logical operations to be performed

43. Introduction Program: Data:
A list of instructions that performs a task
Stored in memory
Processor fetches instructions and perform operations
Computer is controlled by stored programs
Data:
They are encoded numbers and characters used as operands by instruction e.g. BCD and ASCII

44. Functional Units of Computer

45. Functional Units of Computer
A computer consists of 5 parts:
Input Unit
Output Unit
Memory
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
Control Unit

46. Input Unit Accepts coded information from E.g. for Input Device :
human operators with the help of electromechanical devices e.g.keyboard
other computers with digital communication lines (using NIC)
E.g. for Input Device :
Most well known : Keyboard (binary code is transmitted)
Graphic Input Devices : joysticks, mouses
Microphones : for audio input

47. Input Unit The information received: Either stored in memory or
Immediately used by ALU

48. Input Devices Mouse – pointing device Keyboard
Microphone – speech-recognition
Digital Cameras

49. Output Unit Counterpart of input unit
It sends the processed results to the outside world
E.g. printer, monitor

50. Output Devices
Monitor
Printer
Speakers

51. Memory Unit Stores program and data Two types : Primary and Secondary
Fast memory
Contains semiconductor storage cells storing 1-bit
Group of cells called word can be stored and retrieved in one basic operation
Each word is associated with an address
No. of bits in word = wordlength

52. Memory Unit Primary: Secondary: RAM :
Any location can be reached in short fixed amount of time (called Memory Access Time)
Secondary:
Stores large amount of infrequently accessed data
E.g. magnetic disks, optical disks (CD ROM), etc..

53. Storage Devices Random Access Memory– RAM CD/DVD Drive Hard Drive
Floppy Disk Drive
CD/DVD Drive
Random Access Memory– RAM
Pen Drive

54. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
Performs arithmetic and logical operations
It is done by
bringing operands into processor
Perform required operation
Store result in memory or processor for immediate use
Operands are stored in high speed elements called registers

55. Control Unit
Control unit (CU) of a processor translates from machine instructions to the control signals for the microoperations that implement them

56. MCQs
1. Which memory device is generally made of semi-conductors ? a) RAM b) Hard-disk c) Floppy disk d) CD disk

57. MCQs
2. The ALU makes use of _______ to store the operands. a) Adders b) Registers c) Heap d) Stack

58. MCQs
3. A list of instructions used by a computer is called a. program b. CPU c. text d. output

59. MCQs 4. Which of the following is the most powerful
type of the computer
main frame
super conductor
c. micro computer
d. super computer

60. MCQs
5. Memories in which any location can be reached in a fixed and short amount of time after specifying its address is called a. sequential access memory b. random access memory c. secondary memory d. mass storage

61. Structure and Functions
A computer is a Complex System
So computer is considered as a hierarchical set of interrelated subsystems.
This nature is essential for design and description.

62. Structure and Functions
Structure: The way in which the components are interrelated
Function: The operation of each individual component

63. Basic Functions of a Computer
Data Processing
Data Storage
Data Movement
Control

65. Data Processing Data take variety of forms
Range of processing requirements is broad.

66. Data Storage
Short Term : store data that are being worked on at any given moment
Long Term : store files of data for subsequent retrieval and update

67. Data Movement
Computer uses devices to serve as source or destination of data called peripherals (I/O devices)
For longer distances, it is known as data communication.

68. Control
Control unit manages resources and orchestrates the functional parts
There are 4 possible types of operation.

69. Data from one peripheral to another (Data movement)

70. Data from peripheral to storage (Data Storage)

71. Processing data in storage

72. Data transfer between storage and external environment

73. Structure of Computer There are 4 major structural components:
Central Processing Unit ( CPU)
Main Memory
I/O
System Interconnections

74. Structure of Computer Peripherals Central Main Processing Memory Unit
Input
Output
Systems
Interconnection
Peripherals
Communication
lines
Central
Processing
Unit

75. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Most complex component
Its major component are
Control Unit : controls the operation of CPU
Arithmetic and Logic Unit : performs data processing
Registers: provide storage internal to CPU
CPU Interconnection: provide communication among components

76. Arithmetic Computer and Registers Login Unit Internal CPU
Control
Unit
Internal CPU
Interconnection
Registers
CPU
I/O
Memory
System
Bus

77. Control Unit Most common implementation: microprogrammed
It operates by executing microinstructions.

78. Control Unit CPU Sequencing Login Control Unit Registers and Decoders
Memory
Control Unit
Registers and
Decoders
Sequencing
Login
Unit
ALU
Registers
Internal
Bus