1. APPENDICULAR SKELETON
CHAPTER 8

2. THE PECTORAL GIRDLE
SECTION IV

3. Pectoral or Shoulder Girdle
Consists of two bones, the anteriorly positioned clavicle and the posteriorly positioned scapula
Pectoral girdle is a loosely attached, held in place largely by musculature attached to the thorax and the vertebral column
Only direct ligament attachment exists at the sternoclavicular joint
Frees girdle to move over the thorax as the need arises

4. Pectoral Girdle

5. Flexible and Mobile
Pectoral girdle is very light to allow the upper limb flexibility and mobility not allowed anywhere else in body
This is possible because only the sternal end of clavicle is attached to axial skeleton thus allowing the scapula to move across thorax and the arm with it
The socket of the shoulder joint is shallow and poorly reinforced
Although this arrangement does not restrict movement it is less stable

6. Clavicles
Clavicles are double curved bones extending along the superior thorax
Attached on the sternal end to sternum and the acromial
Attachment site or muscles of the thorax and shoulder
Position scapula away from thorax

7. Right Scapula Anterior Aspect
Bone markings are related to
Joint structures
Muscle attachments
Nerve and blood vessels

8. Right Scapula Posterior Aspect
Bone markings are related to
Joint structures
Muscle attachments
Nerve and blood vessels

9. Right Scapula Lateral Aspect
Schematic representation of its orientation

10. THE UPPER LIMB
SECTION V

11. The Upper Limb Arm Forearm Hand Wrist (8 carpal bones)
Humerus
Forearm
Ulna
Radius
Hand
Wrist (8 carpal bones)
Palm (5 metacarpal bones)
Fingers (14 phalanges)

13. The Humerus

14. Radius and ulna Ulna is involved in elbow flexion
Radius is involved with supination and pronation

15. Carpals, Metacarpals, & Phalanges

16. THE PELVIC GIRDLE
SECTION VI

17. The Pelvic (Hip) Girdle
Attaches the lower limbs to axial skeleton
Transfers the weight of the torso, head, and upper extremities to lower limbs
Supports the visceral organs of the pelvis
Secured by strong ligaments and deep sockets the joint is reinforced for stability
Less range of motion in all planes of movement
Female pelvic structure to facilitate childbearing

18. Pelvis

19. Pelvis
Pelvic girdle is formed by a pair of coxal bones, each called an os coxae
Each os coxae unites anteriorly at the pubic symphysis and with the sacrum posteriorly
Each coxa is formed by the ilium, ischium and pubic which were separate during childhood but fused in adulthood
Collectively the os coxae, sacrum and coccyx is called the pelvis

20. Os Coxa
Ilium
Superior
Ishium
Posterior
Pubis
Anterior

21. Os Coxa
Ilium
Superior
Ishium
Posterior
Pubis
Anterior

22. Pelvic Structure and Childbearing
The female pelvis reflects modifications for child bearing
It tends to be wider, shallower, lighter, and rounder than the male
Pelvic modifications accommodate the growing fetus as well as providing a birth canal wide enough to allow the infants head to exit at birth
Pelvic inlet and outlet are critical to delivery

23. Male and Female Pelvic Structures

24. THE LOWER LIMB
SECTION VII

25. The Lower Limb Thigh Leg Foot (7 Tarsal bones)
Femur
Leg
Tibia
Fibula
Foot (7 Tarsal bones)
Instep (5 Metatarsal bones)
Toes (14 Phalanges)

26. Femur

27. Tibia
Fibula

28. Bones of
Right Foot

29. Right Foot - Medial View

30. Right Foot - Lateral View

31. Arches of the Foot

32. DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECT OF THE SKELETON
SECTION VIII

33. Developmental Aspects of the Skeleton
Fontanels
Spinal Curvatures
Long Bone Ratio
Changes in Female Pelvis
Adult Skeletal Changes

34. The Fetal Skull