1. Key Issue 1: Where Are Ethnicities Distributed?
Chapter 7: Ethnicities
Key Issue 1: Where Are Ethnicities Distributed?

2. Ethnicity vs Race
Ethnicity: identity of a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth.
Derives from distinct features of places on earth. Where are you from?
Race: identity of a group of people who share a biological ancestor.
Traits of race can be transmitted genetically.
Skin color, hair, physical features,
Racism: Belief that racial differences produce superiority.

3. Symbolic ethnicity is an ethnic identity that is only relevant on specific occasions and does not significantly impact everyday life.

4. Ethnicity in the United States
Every 10 years, the U.S. Bureau of the Census conducts a survey of the population.
Americans are asked to identify themselves by answering two questions:
1. Check 1 or more of 15 categories
2. Respond yes or no to being of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin and pick a category.
Americans of mixed ancestry may or may not choose to identify with a single race or ethnicity.
Trace their heritage to places in Europe, such as Ireland or Italy

6. Ethnic Clustering in the U.S.
Ethnic groups may live in particular regions and particular communities within cities and states.
Clustered on a Regional & Local Scale
Regional Scale
Hispanics: Clustered in the Southwest
African Americans: Clustered in the Southeast
Asian Americans: Clustered in the West

7. Map Question #1
What does the map show?
Why does this pattern exist?

10. Ethnicity in the United States
Urban Scale
African Americans and Hispanics are highly clustered in urban areas.
Ex: Chicago
Neighborhoods on the south and west side of Chicago have extensive African American clusters.
Ex: Los Angeles
African Americans in south-central L.A.
Hispanics in east L.A.
Asian Americans in south and west L.A.

11. Key Issue 2: Why Do Ethnicities Have Distinctive Distributions?
Chapter 7: Ethnicities
Key Issue 2: Why Do Ethnicities Have Distinctive Distributions?

12. International Migration of Ethnicities
Most African Americans descended from Africa forced to migrate to the Western Hemisphere as slaves during the eighteenth century.
Triangular Slave Trade: European countries acquired slaves from various regions of Africa, then sent them to the Americas.
Most Asian Americans and Hispanics are descended from voluntary immigrants to the United States during the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries.

13. Voluntary Migration from Latin America and Asia
Immigration from Mexico and Puerto Rico fueled rapid growth of Hispanics in the United States beginning in the 1970s.
Third largest group of Hispanics came to United States from Cuba.
Asia
Ranking of sending countries
1) China
2) India
3) Philippines
4) Korea
5) Vietnam

14. Internal Migration of African Americans
African Americans have displayed two distinct internal migration patterns in the United States during the twentieth century.
Interregional migration from the U.S. South to northern cities during the first half of the twentieth century
Intraregional migration from inner-city ghettos to outer city and inner suburban neighborhoods during the second half of the twentieth century

15. Interregional Migration of African Americans
Freed as slaves, most African Americans remained in the rural South during the late nineteenth century, working as sharecroppers—works fields rented from a landowner and pays rent by turning over a share of the crops to him or her.
Mechanization of agriculture served as a push factor, while manufacturing jobs in the north acted as a pull factor that encouraged African Americans to migrate to the northern cities.

16. Map Question #2 What does the map show?
Why does this pattern occur today?

17. Intraregional Migration of African Americans
African Americans arriving at northern cities clustered in neighborhoods where existing African Americans already lived.
Areas came to be known as ghettos.
Over time, ghettos grew outward typically along major avenues that radiated out from the center of city.
1950’s many whites fled their neighborhoods when blacks began moving in nearby. “White Flight”
Real estate agents convinced white homeowners to sell their homes a low prices before property values dropped. Called “Blockbusting”
Ex. Detroit’s white population dropped by 1.5 million from 1950 to 2000.

18. Segregation by Ethnicity and Race
U.S. Supreme Court upheld a Louisiana law that required blacks and whites to ride in separate railway cars.
Plessy v. Ferguson, states that the law was constitutional, because it provided separate, but equal, treatment of blacks and whites.
Southern states enacted a set of laws commonly referred to as the “Jim Crow” laws to segregate black from whites.
Ex: Blacks had to sit in the backs of buses, and shops, restaurants, and hotels could choose to serve only whites.
Brown v. Board of Education Topeka, Kansas: Supreme Court ruled segregated schools were unconstitutional.

19. Segregation by Ethnicity and Race
South Africa Apartheid:
White descendants from Holland enacted a legal system intended to segregate its people called apartheid.
Defined: physical separation of different races into different geographic areas
Newborn baby was classified as being one of four races:
1) black 2) white 3) colored 4) Asian
Each race had a different legal status and associated rights in regards to where one could live, attend school, work, shop, and own land.
Blacks could not vote or run for office.
Apartheid laws repealed in 1991 under the leadership of the African National Congress and Nelson Mandela.

20. Key Issue 3: Why Do Conflicts Arise Among Ethnicities?
Chapter 7: Ethnicities
Key Issue 3: Why Do Conflicts Arise Among Ethnicities?

21. Ethnicities and Nationalities
Nationality is identity with a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country.
Nationality shares similar concepts with ethnicity.
Both defined through shared cultural values derived from religion, language, and material culture.
Nationality differs with ethnicity in terms of legal standing.
Nationality defined through shared experiences derived from voting, obtaining a passport, and performing civic duties.

22. Nationalities in North America
Distinguishing between nationality, ethnicity, and race in the United States
Nationality identifies citizens of the United States
Ethnicity identifies groups with distinct ancestry and cultural traditions.
Ex: African Americans and Hispanic Americans
Race distinguishes blacks and other persons of color from whites.

23. Ethnicities and Nationalities in the United Kingdom
British Isles contain four principal ethnicities
English-Descendants of Germanic tribes
Welsh- Celtic people taken over by England in 1282
Scots- Celtic people of Scotland united with England in 1707
Irish- Celtic people of Ireland controlled by England
Ireland and the United Kingdom are divided into two nationalities
United Kingdom: Great Britain and Northern Ireland
The Republic of Ireland: 84% of island of Ireland.

24. Nationalism Loyalty and Devotion to a nationality
Promotes a sense of pride that promotes one nation above all others.
Independence Day, legal holidays, songs, flags.
Example of centripetal force:
Attitude that tends to unify people
Centrifugal force spreads out people

25. Ethnic Competition in Lebanon
Nearly all Lebanese Christians consider themselves ethnically descended from the ancient Phoenicians.
Lebanon’s Muslims consider themselves Arabs.
Diversity in Lebanon at the surface appears to be more religious than ethnic.

26. Dividing Ethnicities
1947 British end rule of India, divide land into India and Pakistan.
Religious battle between Hindus in India, and Muslims in Pakistan.

27. Dividing Ethnicities Dividing the Kurds among Nationalities
Who are the Kurds?
Sunni Muslims
Feature distinctive literature, dress, and cultural traditions.
An Ethnicity without a Country
After WWI, the European allies demarcated land for the Kurds called Kurdistan.
1923 Treaty of Lausanne established what would have been Kurdistan as part of Turkey.
Today, Kurds are divided among several countries: eastern Turkey, northern Iraq, western Iran, and Syria.

28. Ethnic Diversity in Western Asia
Iraq
¾ of Iraqis are Arabs.
2/3 Shiite
1/3 Sunni
1/6 of Iraqis are Kurds.
Most Iraqis have stronger loyalty to a tribe or clan than to a nationality or major ethnicity.
Iran
Most numerous ethnicity is Persian.
Indo-European tribes from Central Asia
Adheres to Shiite Islam

29. Ethnic Diversity in Western Asia
Afghanistan
Most numerous ethnicities include Pashtun, Tajik, and Hazara.
Faction of Pashtun called the Taliban (meaning “religious students”) gained control over most of the country in 1995 and proceeded to rule with policies based on Islamic fundamentalism.
Overthrown by U.S.A. in 2001 for harboring terrorists.
Pakistan
Most numerous ethnicity is Punjabi.
Conquered by Muslims in 7th century and converted to Sunni

30. Map Question #3 What does the map show? What patterns do you see?
Where would the most problems occur and why?

31. Key Issue 4: Why Do Ethnicities Engage in Cleansing and Genocide?
Chapter 7: Ethnicities
Key Issue 4: Why Do Ethnicities Engage in Cleansing and Genocide?

32. Ethnic Cleansing
Ethnic cleansing is a process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region.
Motivation is not to simply defeat an enemy or to subjugate them, instead it is to remove each member of the less powerful ethnicity, including men, women, children, and the elderly.
Ex: Forced migration associated with WWII that included the deportation of millions of Jews, gypsies, and other ethnic groups to concentration camps where most were exterminated

33. Ethnic Cleansing in the Balkans
In recent years, ethnic cleansing has occurred in portions of former Yugoslavia.
Bosnia
Serbs and Croats fought to not be part of a multiethnic state with a Muslim plurality.
Motivated to perform ethnic cleansing on Bosnian Muslims to reduce their numbers and to offer an ethnically homogenous group of people to be better candidates for union with Serbia and Croatia.
Ethnic cleansing of Bosnian Muslims created one continuous area of Bosnia Serb domination rather than several discontinuous ones.

34. Ethnic Cleansing in the Balkans
Balkanized was a term widely used to describe a small geographic area that could not successfully be organized into one or more stable states, because it was inhabited by multiple, longstanding ethnicities with animosity towards each other.
Balkanization is the process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities.
If peace comes to the Balkans, it will be because ethnic cleansing “worked” tragically.

35. Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide in Africa
Genocide is the mass killing of a group of people in an attempt to eliminate the entire group from existence.
Ex. Darfur
Darfur’s black Africans launched a rebellion in 2003 because of discrimination experienced.
Sudanese government, with help of marauding Arab nomads, crushed the rebellion.
480,000 have been killed.
2.8 million live in refugee camps in harsh conditions.
Many countries have termed the actions of the Sudanese government as genocide.

36. Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide in Africa
Rwanda
Genocide involving Hutus murdering hundreds of thousands of Tutsis began in 1994.
Congo
Conflict between Hutus and Tutsis spilled into neighboring countries.
Laurent Kabila, president succeeding Mobutu, permitted Tutsis to kill some of the Hutu residents.

37. Map Question #4 What does the map show? What patterns do you see?
Why might conflicts occur?

38. Ethnic conflict is widespread in Africa largely because the present-day boundaries of countries do not match the boundaries of ethnic groups.
During nineteenth and twentieth centuries, European countries carved up the continent in to a collection of colonies, with little regard for the distribution of ethnicities.
When colonies became states, some tribes were divided among more than one modern state, and others were grouped with dissimilar tribes.