1. Thursday 4/21/11 Today: Please get a wksht and a partner.
Hmwk: Read pgs in Pink/Purple bk
Complete the ‘Task’ on pg. 255 for a quiz grade. Hmwk is DUE Monday 4/25

2. Totalitarianism
A government that aims to control the political, economic, social, intellectual and cultural lives of its citizens.
New form of dictatorship in 20th century

3. Fascism in Italy
Fascism- a political philosophy that glorifies the state above the individual by emphasizing the need for a strong central government led by a doctorial leader.
People are controlled by the gov’t and any opposition is suppressed.

4. Italy after WWI Mass male population loss Severe inflation
Out 6 million conscripted-2 million dead, captured & wounded/disabled
Severe inflation
Industrial and agricultural workers strike demanding creation of ‘factory councils’ through which they could bargain with employers
Land Occupations
Returning soldiers and peasants seized control of barren land /uncultivated and forced landlords to sell at cheap prices

5. Fascist Movement is Born
Employers/Landlords blamed revolutionary demands on Russian Revolution influence and demanded gov’t take suppressive action
When gov’t didn’t take action then, employers/landlords gathered tenant farmers, veteran soldiers and urban middle class to use violence to submit and suppress these new ‘socialists’

6. Fascism’s Birthday-March 1919
Fascio Combattimento (Combat Group) by former school teacher, Benito Mussolini.
Grew into an anti-socialist force; combatting socialist unions and Catholic peasant leagues.
Soon Mussolini’s movement was joined by the support of Employers/Landlords looking to fight against socialist.

7. Benito Mussolini 1883-1945 Founder of first fascist movement
Unruly child-expelled for stabbing fellow pupil
Elementary school teacher
Prior socialist party member, but expelled

8. Growth of Fascism Parliament elections May 1921
Using Nationalistic ideals, fascists won 35 seats
November 1921-declared itself political party
Partito Nazionale Fascista (PNF)
Supported monarchy and free tade
By Employers/Landowners (middle class) feared socialism and communism.
People were angry they received so little land in WWI peace treaty agreement.

9. Prime Minister Mussolini
August 1922-fascist group had plans to overthrow gov’t and install new regime in Rome
Against other opinion-King Emmanuel III does NOT counter any fascist march and the Prime Minister resigns in protest…
October 29, 1922-Mussolini appointed Prime Minister
King Emmanuel III

10. Consolidation of Power
1923- Mussolini creates a national fascist militia and Fascist Grand Council
July Acerbo Law
Gives leading party at general election 2/3 seats in parliament
Summer 1924-socialist deputy, Giacomo Matteotti is stabbed to death by fascists
1925- Mussolini intends to dictate a more autocratic gov’t
1926-Mussolini acknowledged as head of fascist party…only answered to the king

11. Fascist Italy 1926- outlawed other political parties
Established secret police- OVRA to watch citizens and enforce poilicies
Control mass media- newspapers, radio, films and spread ‘simple’ propaganda (“Mussolini is always right.”)
1939-Fascist youth groups formed to promote military activities and values
Women seen as foundation of family and state
Overall NOT as severe as Stalin or Hitler…King Emmanuel III always stayed in power

13. Domestic Policies
The Lateran Accords, improved relations with the papacy
Recognized Vatican City
The Corporate State, 1930’s- formation of several levels of corporations set to regulate economic activity
Benefited employers and the state
System suffered under depression period
Modernization of Italian Economy
Changed exchange rate, provided loans, increased wheat production, land reclamation and improvement

14. The Lateran Accords

15. Foreign Policies The Corfu crisis- Italian official murdered in Greece
Mussolini demands Greek island, Corfu and $
Mussolini wanted dispute settled by the Conference of Ambassadors NOT League of Nations
Britain opposed Italy’s action and only agreed to COA settling dispute if Italy returned Corfu to Greece
Italy realized the need to be on Britain’s ‘good side’

16. Foreign Policies
Due to struggling economy during depression period and relatively small military power- Mussolini sought expansion in ‘cheap’ ways
Accumulation of Yugoslav territory of Fiume
Protectorate of Albania
Africa territory (limited)
Abyssinia treaty 1929

17. Foreign Policies The Abyssinian crisis Hitler admired Mussolini
Hitler first met him 1934
Caused concern for Britain and France
Mussolini wanted Italian expansion in Africa for help to suppress Hitler Germany
League turns a ‘blind eye’ to Italian troops forced take-over of Abyssinia in Africa

18. Foreign Policies Spanish Civil War- The Rome-Berlin Axis-
July 1936 thru 1939
Mussolini backed the rebels led by General Franco
Attempt to expand Italian influence overshadowed by Nazi Germany
The Rome-Berlin Axis-
October 1936 first agreement
Mussolini joins forces with Hitler
Italy struggles economically and politically
Mussolini killed 1945 by Italian Resistance and hung

19. Mussolini was Hitler’s Role Model

20. Tomorrow
Bring BOTH textbooks with you!!!