1. Global scale circulation

2. Single cell circulation: hypotheses

3. Single cell circulation

4. Three cell circulation

5. Jet Streams
Jets are due to Coriolis force. They are expected in convergence zones. At the ground level they are expected along the equator (westward) and along the polar circles (eastward)
On altitude they are expected along the tropics (eastward).

6. Climate

7. The role of zonal gradients (ocean/continents)
Summer (July)
Winter (January)

8. Monsoons

9. Rain distribution
Seasonal rain variation is associated to the earth rotation axis inclination. In summer it inclines left and the dry area moves north, while in winter it inclines left and the dry area moves south, as well as the subpolar lows, bringing rains southward. Lisbon is dry in summer and wet in winter.

11. Air Sea Interaction: wind forcing and geostrophic equilibrium
Summer (July)

12. Upwelling: Ekman Spiral

13. Upwelling off California

14. Surface Temperature (in upwelling and downwelling conditions)
Agosto 98

15. https://www. learner. org/courses/envsci/visual/visual. php

17. El Niño
Happens when easterly winds are weak and is stronger if they reverse and become westerly winds. This happens cyclically with the southern oscillation. This is why sometimes is called ENSO – El Niño Southern Oscillation

18. La Niña
Happens when easterlies are so intense that force upwelling along the equator line.

19. North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)

20. Summary
Global circulation is explained by (a) the 3 cells model, modified by the zonal gradients created by continents and (b) by the Coriolis force that forces the jets, associated with the polar front, in case of the polar jet.
Seasonal oscillation is explained by the oscillation of the earth inclination associated to the 3 cells model.
Ocean circulation is closely linked to atmospheric circulation. The exception are the coastal/shallow areas where the tide plays the major role.