1. European Explorations
The Age of Early
European Explorations
& Conquests

2. A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492

3. Catalysts for European Exploration
Crusades  created demand for new products and a need to by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia.
Renaissance  curiosity about other lands and peoples.
Reformation  refugees & missionaries.
Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.
Technological advances.

4. New Maritime Technologies Better Maps [Portulan]
Hartman Astrolabe (1532)
Mariner’s Compass
Sextant

5. New Weapons Technology

6. Prince Henry, the Navigator
School for Navigation, 1419

7. Museum of Navigation in Lisbon

8. Motives for Exploration
God
Gold
Glory

9. Portuguese Maritime Empire
Exploring the west coast of Africa.
Bartolomeo Dias, 1487.
Vasco da Gama, 1498.
Calicut.

10. Christófo Colón [ ]

11. Columbus’ Four Voyages

12. The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation

13. Other Voyages of Exploration

14. Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World: Early 16c

15. Atlantic Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”

16. The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs
vs.
Fernando Cortés
Montezuma II

17. The Death of Montezuma II

18. Mexico Surrenders to Cortés

19. The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas
vs.
Francisco Pizarro
Atahualpa

20. The “Columbian Exchange”
Squash
Avocado
Peppers
Sweet Potatoes
Turkey
Pumpkin
Tobacco
Quinine
Cocoa
Pineapple
Cassava
POTATO
Peanut
TOMATO
Vanilla
MAIZE
Syphilis
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS
Olive
COFFEE BEAN
Banana
Rice
Onion
Turnip
Honeybee
Barley
Grape
Peach
SUGAR CANE
Oats
Citrus Fruits
Pear
Wheat
HORSE
Cattle
Sheep
Pigs
Smallpox
Flu
Typhus
Measles
Malaria
Diptheria
Whooping Cough

21. Why would the
'Columbian Exchange'
be considered the
tsunami of
unintentional
"bio-terrorism"??

22. Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Official European Colony!
Explorers
Conquistadores
Official European Colony!
Missionaries
Permanent Settlers

23. Treasures from the Americas!

24. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

25. The Slave Trade Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans.
Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans.
Sugar cane & sugar plantations.
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518.
275,000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries.
Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.

26. Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

27. Slave Ship

28. “Coffin” Position Below Deck

29. African Captives Thrown Overboard

30. European Empires in the Americas

31. The Spanish Colonial Class System
Peninsulares
Creoles
Mestizos
Mulattos
Native Indians
Black Slaves

32. Administration of the Spanish Empire in the New World
Encomienda or forced labor.
Council of the Indies.
Viceroy.
New Spain and Peru.

33. The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Guadalajara Cathedral
Our Lady of Guadalupe
Guadalajara Cathedral
Spanish Mission

34. Father Bartolomé de Las Casas 1542- Destruction of the Indies

35. Impact of European Expansion
Native populations ravaged by disease.
Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate.
New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”].
Deepened colonial rivalries.

36. New Colonial Rivals
Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean.
Spain in Asia  consolidated its holdings in the Philippines.
First English expedition to the Indies in 1591.
Surat in NW India in 1608.
Dutch arrive in India in 1595.

37. New Colonial Rivals

38. 5. New Patterns of World Trade
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