1. Miranda Warning
Law Enforcement I

2. Copyright and Terms of Service
Copyright © Texas Education Agency, These materials are copyrighted © and trademarked ™ as the property of the Texas Education Agency (TEA) and may not be reproduced without the express written permission of TEA, except under the following conditions:
1)  Texas public school districts, charter schools, and Education Service Centers may reproduce and use copies of the Materials and Related Materials for the districts’ and schools’ educational use without obtaining permission from TEA.
2)  Residents of the state of Texas may reproduce and use copies of the Materials and Related Materials for individual personal use only, without obtaining written permission of TEA.
3)  Any portion reproduced must be reproduced in its entirety and remain unedited, unaltered and unchanged in any way.
4)  No monetary charge can be made for the reproduced materials or any document containing them; however, a reasonable charge to cover only the cost of reproduction and distribution may be charged.
Private entities or persons located in Texas that are not Texas public school districts, Texas Education Service Centers, or Texas charter schools or any entity, whether public or private, educational or non-educational, located outside the state of Texas MUST obtain written approval from TEA and will be required to enter into a license agreement that may involve the payment of a licensing fee or a royalty.
Contact TEA Copyrights with any questions you may have.

3. Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
Ernesto Miranda was accused of the kidnapping and rape of an 18-year-old female
He was identified by the girl 10 days later
The police interrogated Miranda for two hours
The police obtained a written and signed confession
The confession was used at the trial
Miranda was found guilty

4. Miranda v. Arizona (1966) (continued)
Miranda appealed the court’s decision
Miranda argued that he
Had not been told that he had the right to remain silent
Would not have confessed if he had been told about this right
The Supreme Court overturned the trial, giving Miranda a new trial without the use of the confession
Miranda was again convicted
The Miranda decision was then codified into the Texas Law in the Code of Criminal Procedure Article 38.22
Texas added that “you may terminate this interview at anytime”

5. Miranda Requirements for Juvenile Suspects
Child (Family Code Section 51.02)
Ten years of age or older and under 17 years of age
Under 18 years of age who is alleged or found to have engaged in delinquent conduct or conduct indicating a need for supervision as a result of acts committed before becoming 17 years of age
The Miranda warning must be issued by a magistrate prior to any statement

6. Miranda Requirements for Juvenile Suspects (continued)
Admissibility of statements
Must be in writing
Must be signed in the presence of a magistrate without the presence of a bailiff, prosecuting attorney, or law enforcement officer
The magistrate must believe that the juvenile understood the Miranda warning and that the statement was given voluntarily; then the magistrate will sign the certification acknowledging that these occurred
The juvenile must intelligently, knowingly, and willingly waive their rights before and during their statement

7. Miranda Requirements for Juvenile Suspects (continued)
Federal Juvenile Delinquency Act 18 USC 5033
A juvenile taken into custody for juvenile delinquency must be informed in understandable language of his or her rights by the arresting officer
The Attorney General and parent or guardian must also be contacted and made aware of the juvenile’s rights and the alleged offense
Then the juvenile is to be taken before a magistrate

8. Miranda Requirements for Juvenile Suspects (continued)
School settings
Juveniles that are interrogated in a school setting will be considered “in custody” for Miranda purposes
School officials are not bound by the Miranda warning and do not have to give the juvenile a warning unless they are acting as a direct agent for the police

9. Miranda Requirements for Suspects
The courts ruled that in order for the Miranda warning to be required, the circumstances had to meet a two-prong test
The person was in custody, and
The person was interrogated

10. Miranda Requirements for Suspects (continued)
Suspects are considered in custody
When they are not free to leave
The court states
Being physically deprived of freedom in any significant way
Law enforcement has told the person he or she is not free to leave
Law enforcement creates a situation that would lead a reasonable person to believe that his or her freedom of movement has been greatly restricted
When there is probable cause to arrest and a law enforcement does not tell the person he or she is free to leave

11. Miranda Requirements for Suspects (continued)
Interrogation
Law enforcement asks the suspect(s) questions
If the suspect voluntarily offers information that is not in response to any question asked, even if he or she is in custody, the statement is admissible without the Miranda warning because the two-prong test of interrogation is not met

12. Miranda Requirements for Suspects (continued)
Waiver of Miranda rights
Suspects must make a knowing, intelligent, and voluntary waiver of rights after they have been read their rights
The court looks at two factors when allowing the waiver of rights:
To be voluntary it must be the product of a free and deliberate choice, and not the product of coercion, intimidation, or deception
Was it made by the defendant with full awareness of both the nature of the rights being abandoned and the consequences of the decision to abandon them

13. Miranda Requirements for Suspects (continued)
Who must give the Miranda warning?
Written statements – the warning must be given by a magistrate or the person to whom the statement is being made
Oral statements
Someone other than the person to whom the statement is being made can give the warning as long as they are on the recording
There must be an electronic recording of the statement: either video or audio or both
Prior to making a statement, the Miranda warning must be given on the recording
The defendant must waive his or her rights
The recording device must be capable of making accurate recordings and the operator competent; recording must be accurate and unaltered
All voices on the recording must be identified

14. Miranda Requirements for Offenders
If the offender is in custody because of an offense other than the one he or she is being questioned about, the court says these factors must be considered when determining the need for the Miranda warning:
The language used to summon the offender
The physical surroundings of the interrogation
The extent to which the offender is confronted with the evidence of guilt
The additional pressure exerted to detain the offender or the change in surroundings of the offender which results in an added imposition on the offender’s freedom
The offender’s freedom to leave the scene and the purpose, place, and length of the questioning

15. Miranda Requirements for Witnesses
There is no legal requirement for Miranda when someone is a witness; witnesses are free to leave at any time
If you are arrested based on your statements as a witness, the Miranda warning would apply
As a witness, if the police determine you are obstructing justice, and charge you with such, the Miranda warning then applies

17. Resources Judge Erin Bakker
Federal Juvenile Delinquency Act 18 USC
Texas Constitution and Statutes
Do an Internet search for the following: Supreme Court: Suspects must invoke right to remain silent in interrogations