1. Warm-Up List and describe the 5 elements of a reflex arc.
List an example of a reflex.
What is the difference between a reflex and a voluntary reaction?

2. Human Brain

3. 4 Major Regions Cerebral Hemispheres Diencephalon Brain stem
Cerebellum

4. 1. Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum)
L & R hemispheres
Corpus callosum: large fiber tract; connects 2 hemispheres
Lobes: major regions (named for cranial bones)
Parietal, frontal, occipital, temporal
Gyri (gyrus) = elevated ridges of tissue
Sulci (sulcus) = shallow grooves
Fissures = deeper grooves, separate large regions of brain
Motor & sensory function: opposite hemispheres

8. Cerebral Cortex
Grey matter
“Executive suite”  conscious mind

10. Functions of the Major Lobes

11. Cerebral Hemispheres Surface markings Central sulcus
Separates the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe and the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe
Longitudinal fissure
Separates the two hemispheres
Transverse cerebral fissure
Separates the cerebrum and the cerebellum

12. Parieto-occipital sulcus (on medial surface of hemisphere)
Precentral
gyrus
Central
sulcus
Postcentral
gyrus
Frontal
lobe
Parietal lobe
Parieto-occipital sulcus
(on medial surface
of hemisphere)
Lateral sulcus
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
Transverse cerebral fissure
Cerebellum
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Fissure
Spinal cord
(a deep
sulcus)
Gyrus
Cortex (gray matter)
Sulcus
White matter
(a)
Figure 12.6a

13. Thin (2–4 mm) superficial layer of gray matter
Cerebral Cortex
Thin (2–4 mm) superficial layer of gray matter
40% of the mass of the brain
Site of conscious mind: awareness, sensory perception, voluntary motor initiation, communication, memory storage, understanding

14. Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex
The three types of functional areas are:
Motor areas—control voluntary movement
Sensory areas—conscious awareness of sensation
Association areas—integrate diverse information
Conscious behavior involves the entire cortex

15. Motor Areas
Primary (somatic) motor cortex
Premotor cortex
Broca’s area
Frontal eye field

16. Sensory areas and related association areas Primary motor cortex
Motor areas
Central sulcus
Sensory areas and related
association areas
Primary motor cortex
Primary somatosensory
cortex
Premotor cortex
Somatic
sensation
Frontal eye field
Somatosensory
association cortex
Broca’s area
(outlined by dashes)
Gustatory cortex
(in insula)
Taste
Prefrontal cortex
Working memory
for spatial tasks
Wernicke’s area
(outlined by dashes)
Executive area for
task management
Working memory for
object-recall tasks
Primary visual
cortex
Visual
association
area
Vision
Solving complex,
multitask problems
Auditory
association area
Hearing
Primary
auditory cortex
(a) Lateral view, left cerebral hemisphere
Primary motor cortex
Motor association cortex
Primary sensory cortex
Sensory association cortex
Multimodal association cortex
Figure 12.8a

17. Posterior
Motor
Motor map in
precentral gyrus
Anterior
Toes
Jaw
Tongue
Primary motor
cortex
(precentral gyrus)
Swallowing
Figure 12.9

18. Sensory Areas Primary somatosensory cortex
Somatosensory association cortex
Visual areas
Auditory areas
Olfactory cortex
Gustatory cortex
Visceral sensory area
Vestibular cortex

19. Sensory areas and related association areas Primary motor cortex
Motor areas
Central sulcus
Sensory areas and related
association areas
Primary motor cortex
Primary somatosensory
cortex
Premotor cortex
Somatic
sensation
Frontal eye field
Somatosensory
association cortex
Broca’s area
(outlined by dashes)
Gustatory cortex
(in insula)
Taste
Prefrontal cortex
Working memory
for spatial tasks
Wernicke’s area
(outlined by dashes)
Executive area for
task management
Working memory for
object-recall tasks
Primary visual
cortex
Visual
association
area
Vision
Solving complex,
multitask problems
Auditory
association area
Hearing
Primary
auditory cortex
(a) Lateral view, left cerebral hemisphere
Primary motor cortex
Motor association cortex
Primary sensory cortex
Sensory association cortex
Multimodal association cortex
Figure 12.8a

20. Posterior
Sensory
Anterior
Sensory map in
postcentral gyrus
Genitals
Primary somato-
sensory cortex
(postcentral gyrus)
Intra-
abdominal
Figure 12.9

21. Primary visual (striate) cortex
Visual Areas
Primary visual (striate) cortex
Extreme posterior tip of the occipital lobe
Receives visual information from the retinas

22. Multimodal Association Areas
Receive inputs from multiple sensory areas
Send outputs to multiple areas
Allow us to give meaning to information received, store it as memory, compare it to previous experience, and decide on action to take

23. Multimodal Association Areas
Three parts
Anterior association area (prefrontal cortex)
Posterior association area
Limbic association area

24. Anterior Association Area (Prefrontal Cortex)
Most complicated cortical region
Involved with intellect, cognition, recall, and personality
Contains working memory needed for judgment, reasoning, persistence, and conscience
Development depends on feedback from social environment

25. Posterior Association Area
Large region in temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes
Plays a role in recognizing patterns and faces and localizing us in space
Involved in understanding written and spoken language (Wernicke’s area)

27. 12 Cranial Nerve Mnemonic: On old Olympus' towering top a Fin and German viewed some hops
O: olfactory nerve (CN I)
O: optic nerve (CN II)
O: oculomotor nerve (CN III)
T: trochlear nerve (CN IV)
T: trigeminal nerve(CN V)
A: abducens nerve (CN VI)
F: facial nerve (CN VII)
A: auditory (or vestibulocochlear) nerve (CN VIII)
G: glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
V: vagus nerve (CN X)
S: spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)
H: hypoglossal (CN XII)

28. 2. Diencephalon (interbrain)
3 main structures:
Thalamus: relay station for incoming info
Hypothalamus:
Autonomic control center (heart rate, BP, digestion)
Emotional response (limbic system)
Body temperature regulation
Regulate food intake
Sleep-wake cycles
Control endocrine system  pituitary gland at base
Epithalamus: pineal gland (sleep-wake cycle)

29. Diencephalon

30. 3. Brain Stem Programmed, automatic behaviors for survival 3 regions:
Midbrain: vision, hearing, reflex
Pons: breathing
Medulla oblongata: heart rate, BP, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing

31. Brain Stem

33. 4. Cerebellum
Balance, equilibrium, timing of skeletal muscle activity

34. Protection of CNS Meninges: connective tissue covering CNS structures
Dura mater (leathery outer), arachnoid mater (web-like middle), pia mater (surface of brain)
Meningitis: inflammation of meninges; bacterial or viral infection
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): watery cushion to protect NS from trauma
Lumbar (spinal) tap – test for infection, tumors, multiple sclerosis

36. Meningitis

37. Symptoms of Meningitis

38. Treatment for Meningitis
Bacterial  antibiotics
Herpes meningitis  antiviral meds
IV fluids
Prevention: vaccines for bacterial infections (HiB)

39. Blood-Brain Barrier: endothelial cells in capillaries prevent substances from crossing into brain
NO:
YES:
Urea
Toxins
Proteins
White blood cells
Bacteria
Most drugs
Water
Glucose
Amino acids
Gases
Fat-soluble substances
Some drugs: anesthetics, alcohol, nicotine