Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
1
AP Biology Ecology Basics
2
Transpiration at the stomata in plants
3
Water and Hydrogen bonds due to polarity
4
Ecology on a small scale
5
Ecology on a global scale
6
Zebra Mussels
7
Kudzu
8
Fire Ants
9
Fire Ant Migration from Mobile
10
Fire Ant Bites
11
African “killer” Bees
12
Hadley Model
13
Rain and mountains
14
Rain Shadow effect
15
Thermoclines in ponds and lakes
16
Water and Aquatic Biomes
AP Biology Water and Aquatic Biomes
17
Aquatic Biomes
18
Ocean terminology
19
Fresh Water terminology
20
Oligiotrophic Lake
21
Eutrophic Lake
22
Stream Headwaters
23
Midstream
24
Estuary
25
Swamp
26
Marsh
27
Marine Biomes
28
Coral Reefs of the World(purple areas)
29
Coral Reef
30
Open Ocean
31
Transition to Land Biomes
AP Biology Transition to Land Biomes
32
Hadley Cell Model
33
Meristematic Tissues
34
Darwin’s experiment on Phototropism
35
Phytochrome activation
36
Signal Transduction Response
37
Long night plants
38
Short night plants
39
Transpiration
40
Guard Cell operation
41
Amino Acid structure (Remove the amine on the left)
42
Nitrogenous Waste forms
43
Countercurrent Heat Exchange
Canada goose Pacific bottlenose dolphin Blood flow Artery Vein Vein Artery 35°C 33° 30° 27° 20° 18° 10° 9°
44
Internal body temperature
Temperature control Thermostat in hypothalamus activates cooling mechanisms. Sweat glands secrete sweat that evaporates, cooling the body. Blood vessels in skin dilate: capillaries fill with warm blood; heat radiates from skin surface. Increased body temperature (such as when exercising or in hot surroundings) Body temperature decreases; thermostat shuts off cooling mechanisms. Homeostasis: Internal body temperature of approximately 36–38°C Body temperature increases; thermostat shuts off warming mechanisms. Decreased body temperature (such as when in cold surroundings) Blood vessels in skin constrict, diverting blood from skin to deeper tissues and reducing heat loss from skin surface. Thermostat in hypothalamus activates warming mechanisms. Skeletal muscles rapidly contract, causing shivering, which generates heat.
45
Gas Exchange in Many Forms…
one-celled amphibians echinoderms insects fish mammals endotherm vs. ectotherm size cilia water vs. land • Endotherms have larger surface area of respiratory surfaces because of their increased metabolic demands. Gills, trachea, lungs
46
Behavioral Ecology Part 1
AP Biology Behavioral Ecology Part 1
47
Babies Crying
48
Barking
49
Jane Goodall & Ethology
50
Fixed Action Potential
51
Cardinals
52
Baby Hand Grasping
53
Average number of drops
Foraging Theory 125 60 50 100 40 Average number of drops Average number of drops 30 75 Total flight height (number of drops drop height in m) Total flight height 20 Drop height preferred by crows = 5.23 m 50 10 25 2 3 5 7 15 Height of drop (m)
54
Behavioral Ecology Part 2
AP Biology Behavioral Ecology Part 2
55
Learning
56
Habits Good or Bad
57
Imprinting
58
Imprinting
59
Classical Conditioning
60
Operant Conditioning
61
Play
62
Play made perfect
63
Problem Solving
64
Landmarking Nest No nest Nest
65
Migration
66
Behavioral Ecology Part 3
AP Biology Behavioral Ecology Part 3
67
Cooperative Behavior Hershey and Chase Experiment
68
Agonistic Behavior
69
Pecking Order
70
Territoriality
71
Courtship
72
Altruism
73
Population Ecology Part 1
AP Biology Population Ecology Part 1
74
Population
75
Human Population on Earth
76
Dispersal Patterns
77
Demography Terminology
Births Immigration Population size Emigration Deaths
78
Life Tables and Cohorts
79
Survivorship Curves
81
Population Ecology Part 2
AP Biology Population Ecology Part 2
82
Expression of DNA to create traits
83
DNA Inherited
84
Century Plant
85
Exponential “Ideal” Growth
86
Elephant population 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 Year
Exponential Growth 8,000 6,000 Elephant population 4,000 2,000 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 Year
87
Hawaii millions of years ago
88
Pioneer species begin to colonize (lichens and mosses)
89
Then over time, grasses begin to grow.
90
Then over time, shrubs will appear and they will be followed by trees.
91
Hawaii today
92
Intrinsic Growth
93
Logistic Growth
94
Logistic “realistic” growth
95
Allee affect and the Extinction Vortex
Small population Genetic drift Inbreeding Lower reproduction Higher mortality Loss of genetic variability Reduction in individual fitness and population adaptability Smaller population
96
Population Ecology Part 3
AP Biology Population Ecology Part 3
97
Boom Bust Cycles
98
Snowshoe Hare and Lynx
99
Human Growth on Earth
100
Age Pyramids Rapid growth Afghanistan Slow growth United States
Decrease Italy Male Female Age Male Female Age Male Female 85+ 80–84 75–79 70–74 65–69 60–64 55–59 50–54 85+ 80–84 75–79 70–74 65–69 60–64 55–59 50–54 45–49 40–44 35–39 30–34 25–29 20–24 15–19 10–14 5–9 0–4 45–49 40–44 35–39 30–34 25–29 20–24 15–19 10–14 5–9 0–4 8 6 4 2 2 4 6 8 8 6 4 2 2 4 6 8 8 6 4 2 2 4 6 8 Percent of population Percent of population Percent of population
101
Community Ecology Part 1
AP Biology Community Ecology Part 1
102
Community
103
Community
104
Competition and also predation
105
Herbivory (This is also predation.)
106
Parasitism Ectoparasite
107
Parasitism Endoparasite (Tapeworm)
108
Cryptic Coloration (Can you see the bird?)
109
Aposematic Coloration
110
Batesian Mimicry (Catapillar and snake)
111
Up Close
112
Mullerian mimicry (Cuckoo bee and yellow jacket)
113
Mutualism
114
Commensalism
115
Community Ecology Part 1
AP Biology Community Ecology Part 1
116
Community
117
Community
118
Competition and also predation
119
Herbivory (This is also predation.)
120
Parasitism Ectoparasite
121
Parasitism Endoparasite (Tapeworm)
122
Cryptic Coloration (Can you see the bird?)
123
Aposematic Coloration
124
Batesian Mimicry (Catapillar and snake)
125
Up Close
126
Mullerian mimicry (Cuckoo bee and yellow jacket)
127
Mutualism
128
Commensalism
129
Ecosystems Ecology Part 1
AP Biology Ecosystems Ecology Part 1
130
Energy Flow and Nutrient Cycling
Tertiary consumers Microorganisms and other detritivores Secondary consumers Primary consumers Detritus Primary producers Heat Key Chemical cycling Sun Energy flow
131
10% Rule of Energy
132
Net Primary Productivity
Open ocean Continental shelf 65.0 125 24.4 5.2 360 5.6 Estuary Algal beds and reefs 0.3 0.1 1,500 1.2 2,500 0.9 Upwelling zones Extreme desert, rock, sand, ice 500 0.1 4.7 3.0 0.04 Desert and semidesert scrub Tropical rain forest 3.5 90 0.9 3.3 2,200 22 Savanna Cultivated land 2.9 900 7.9 2.7 600 9.1 Boreal forest (taiga) Temperate grassland 2.4 800 9.6 1.8 600 5.4 Woodland and shrubland Tundra 1.7 700 3.5 1.6 140 0.6 Tropical seasonal forest 1.5 1,600 7.1 Temperate deciduous forest Temperate evergreen forest 1.3 1,200 4.9 1.0 1,300 3.8 Swamp and marsh Lake and stream 0.4 2,000 2.3 250 0.3 10 20 30 40 50 60 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 5 10 15 20 25 Key Percentage of Earth’s surface area Average net primary production (g/m2/yr) Percentage of Earth’s net primary production Marine Terrestrial Freshwater (on continents)
133
Productivity of the Earth (Based on Chlorophyll Density)
134
Eutrophication
135
Rachel Carson
136
Production Efficiency
Plant material eaten by caterpillar 200 J 67 J Cellular respiration 100 J Feces 33 J Growth (new biomass)
137
Pyramids of Energy Production
138
Pyramids of Numbers (Think about how much each consumer eats over its lifetime.)
139
bog at Silver Springs, Florida.
Biomass Pyramids Trophic level Dry weight (g/m2) Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Primary consumers Primary producers 1.5 11 37 809 Most biomass pyramids show a sharp decrease in biomass at successively higher trophic levels, as illustrated by data from a bog at Silver Springs, Florida.
140
Aquatic Biomass Pyramids
Trophic level Dry weight (g/m2) Primary consumers (zooplankton) Primary producers (phytoplankton) 21 4 In some aquatic ecosystems, such as the English Channel, a small standing crop of primary producers (phytoplankton) supports a larger standing crop of primary consumers (zooplankton).
141
Pyramids of Numbers
142
Ecosystems Ecology Part 2
AP Biology Ecosystems Ecology Part 2
143
Water Cycle Transport over land Solar energy Net movement of
water vapor by wind Precipitation over land Precipitation over ocean Evaporation from ocean Evapotranspiration from land Percolation through soil Runoff and groundwater
144
Carbon Cycle Higher-level consumers Primary consumers Carbon compounds
CO2 in atmosphere Photosynthesis Cellular respiration Burning of fossil fuels and wood Higher-level consumers Primary consumers Carbon compounds in water Detritus Decomposition
145
Nitrogen Cycle N2 in atmosphere Denitrifying bacteria Nitrogen-fixing
Assimilation Denitrifying bacteria NO3– Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in root nodules of legumes Decomposers Nitrifying bacteria Ammonification Nitrification NH3 NH4+ NO2– Nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria Nitrifying bacteria
146
Phosphorus Cycle Rain Geologic uplift Weathering of rocks Plants
Runoff Consumption Sedimentation Plant uptake of PO43– Soil Leaching Decomposition
147
Harvesting
148
Ecosystems Ecology Part 3
AP Biology Ecosystems Ecology Part 3
149
Harvesting
150
Sources for Acid Precipitation
151
Past Acid Rain pH measurements
152
Effects of Acid Precipitation
153
Biomagnification Herring gull eggs 124 ppm Lake trout 4.83 ppm
Concentration of PCBs Smelt 1.04 ppm Zooplankton 0.123 ppm Phytoplankton 0.025 ppm
154
Rachel Carson
155
Rising CO2 and rising temperature
156
CFC and Ozone depletion
Chlorine from CFCs interacts with ozone (O3), forming chlorine monoxide (CIO) and oxygen (O2). Chlorine atoms O2 Chlorine O3 CIO O2 Sunlight causes Cl2O2 to break down into O2 and free chlorine atoms. The chlorine atoms can begin the cycle again. CIO Cl2O2 Two CIO molecules react, forming chlorine peroxide (Cl2O2). Sunlight
157
Ozone hole over Antarctica in dark blue
158
Ozone Hole Size over time
October 1979 October 2000
159
Melting Antarctic Ice
Similar presentations
