1. UNIT 2 - Relative clauses
Defining and non-defining clauses

2. In the offıce Here you see Mr. Cook.
Mr. Cook? The man who is the famous author of “A Journey to Venice”

3. In the offıce
Yes. He is the author of lots of famous books which are read throughout the World.

4. Mary: I saw Natalie yesterday.
Paul: Natalie? The girl who plays the violin?
Mary: No, that’s Natasha. Natalie is the student who dropped out of college. She’s working in Davidson’s now. You know, the shop that sells expensive clothes.
Clauses printed in red are called relative clauses. They give us more information about the subject or the object of the previous sentence/clause.

5. Explanation
The relative clauses in this conversation identify which person/thing they are talking about. The clause who plays the violin tells us which girl Paul means. The clause that sells very expensive clothes tells us which shop Mary means.
Relative clauses are usually introduced by pronouns: who, which and that.

6. RELATIVE CLAUSES
Relative Clauses are introduced by relative pronouns (who, whose, whom, which, that) or relative adverbs (when, where, why).

7. Relative Pronouns
For People
For animals/things
Who, that, which (subject of the verb - cannot be omitted)
Who/that
I saw a boy, He could ride his bike without using his hands.
I saw a boy who could ride his bike without using his hands.
Which/that
He has written a book. It is about the history of education.
He has written a book which is about the history of education.
Who, whom, that, which (object of the verb - can be omitted)
Who/whom/that
He liked the girl. He met her at the party yesterday.
He liked the girl (who/whom/that) he met at the party yesterday.
Whom is used in formal speech or after prepositions.
That hat looks old-fashioned. She bought it recently .
The hat (which/that) she bought recently looks old-fashioned.
Whose, of which (possession - cannot be omitted)
Whose
I know the writer. His latest novel was a great success.
I know the writer whose latest novel was a great success.
Whose/of which
I have a car. Its engine is noisy.
I have a car whose engine/the engine of which is noisy.

8. NOTE
Prepositions normally go after relative pronouns. In formal speech prepositions can go before whom and which only (not before who/that/whose).
The bed (that/which) I slept in last night was very soft. (usual)
The bed in which I slept last night was very soft. (unusual).

9. NOTE
Expressions of quantity (some of, many of, a few of, most of, half of, neither of, none of, a number of etc) can be followed by whom/which/whose.
Our company has 80 employees, most of whom are computer literate.
Which sometimes refers to a whole sentence and cannot be omitted.
The lift was out of order and this was very inconvenient.
The lift was out of order, which was very inconvenient.

10. RELATIVE ADVERBS Relative Adverbs Use Examples
When (can sometimes be omitted)
Time
I will never forget the day (when) I first met him.
Where
Place
The village where I grew up is very small.
Why (can sometimes be omitted)
Reason
The reason (why) he left was that he felt dissappointed.

11. NOTE That can be used instead of when.
I will never forget the summer when/that we went to Nice.
In/on/at which can be used instead of when and where. Where can be omitted or substituted by that if the verb is followed by a preposition.
We stayed at a rather cheap hotel.
The hotel where / at which we stayed was rather cheap OR
The hotel (that) we stayed at was rather cheap.

12. ATTENTION !! Defining and non-defining relative clauses
Defining relative clauses provide information which is essential to the meaning of the sentence. No commas are used.
Students who cheat should be punished.
Non-defining relative clauses provide additional information (not essential to the meaning of the sentence). They are put between commas. The relative pronouns cannot be omitted; neither can we use that instead of them.
Dr. Miller, who is the Head of the Department, will attend the reception.
John Lennon, who was born in 1940, was a member of the Beatles.

13. REVISION - WHO The relative pronoun who refers to people.
The woman who lived here before us is a romantic novelist.
It is also possible to use that when we talk about people especially in informal language.
This is the girl that has eaten all the biscuits.

14. REVISION -THAT/WHICH
The relative pronouns that & which refer to things. That is more usual than which, especially in conversation.
The car that won the race looked very futuristic.
Which is more formal.
All cells contain DNA which holds genetic information.

15. REVISION - WHOSE Whose refers to things belonging to people.
That was the man whose car was stolen.

16. REVISION - Subject/object
Relative pronouns can be either the subject or the object of the relative clause.
Examples:
Marco Polo was a merchant who visited China in the 13th century. (subject)
Glaciers are rivers of ice which form in cold climates on mountains. (subject)
Einstein is a scientist who I admire. (object)
This is the poem that I wrote in my first
year. (object)

17. Leaving out the relative pronoun
We can leave out the relative pronoun when it is the object of the relative clause.
Einstein is a scientist I admire.
This is the poem I wrote in my first year.

18. REVISION - Relative adverbs
We can also use some relative adverbs at the beginning of a relative clause:
Where – refers to a place
We went to a camp where we stayed two years ago.
When - refers to a time
I’ll never forget the day when I met you.

19. EXERCISES- Make one sentence by changing the sentence in italics into a defining relative clause. The relative pronoun can be the subject or the object of the relative clause.
1. The man was late. Julie invited the man. ……………………… 2. The doctor was sick. I wanted to see the doctor. ………………………….. 3. The accountant was arrested. The accountant works for my father’s company.
4. I wrote to the friend. You met the friend last week. …………………………. 5. The mobile phone can’t be fixed. The mobile phone is broken. 6. John made a copy of the photo. I took the photo.

20. EXERCISES
7. I met a girl. The girl was a doctor. ………………………… 8. We called a doctor. The doctor works at a hospital in London. ………………………….. 9. We like the actor. The actor was in a famous film.
10. I went to the restaurant. I read about the restaurant in the newspaper. …………………………… 11. She bought a car. Her sister liked the car. 12. I often buy cheese. The cheese is imported from Paris. …………………………….

21. EXERCISES
13. The hairdresser was very good. The hairdresser has red hair. …………………………… 14. The child is playing in the garden. We see the child often.
15. The nurse is in the office. The nurse treated my grandmother. …………………………… 16. The car is in the garage. The car broke down. …………………………….

22. ERROR ANALYSIS – Adjective clauses and phrases
One of the people which I admire most is my uncle.
Baseball is the only sport in which I am interested in it.
My favourite teacher, Mr. Chu, he was always willing to help me after class.
It is important to be polite to people who lives in the same building.
She lives in a hotel is restricted to senior citizens.
My sister has two childrens, who their names are Ali and Murat.
He comes from Venezuela, that is a Spanish speaking country.

23. There are some people in the government who is trying to improve the lives of poor people.
I have some good advice for anyone who he wants to learn a second language.
My classroom is located on the second floor of Carver Hall that is a large brick building in the center of the campus.
A myth is a story expresses traditional beliefs.
There is an old legend telling among people in my country about a man lived in the seventeenth century, saved a village from destruction.
An old man was fishing next to me on the pier was muttering to himself.

24. When I was a child, I was always afraid of the beggars whom they went from house to house in my neighbourhood.
At the national park, there is a path leads to a spectacular waterfall.
The road that we took it through the forest it was narrow and steep.
There are ten universities in Thailand, seven of them locate in Bangkok is the capital city.
I would like to write about several problem which I have faced them since I come to the USA.

25. There is a small wooden screen seperates the bed from the rest of the room.
At the airport, I was waiting for some relatives which I have never met them before.

26. MAKING SUGGESTIONS
Some ways to tell your friends what you would like to do in the next few days:
1) WHAT ABOUT/HOW ABOUT Base form + −ING
What about going to the theatre tonight?
How about taking pictures after the school?
How about having some snacks?
What about meeting at five o'clock?

27. MAKING SUGGESTIONS 2) WHY + Negative
Why don't we go to İğneada tomorrow?
3) IMPERATIVE: Let's + Base form
Let's go swimming now!
4) COULD
We could visit Paris next week.

28. MAKING SUGGESTIONS 5) (Wh-) Shall we... + base form
Shall we play a match?
Where shall we go?
6) Would you like to base form
Would you like to have a coffee?
Note: 'Shall we', 'Let's', 'Why don't we' are all followed by the base form of the verb (infinitive),
'How about' and 'What about' are followed by the '-ing' form of the verb (gerund).

29. MAKING SUGGESTIONS
What shall we do? A: Hi Chris, would you like to do something with me this weekend? B: Sure. What shall we do? A: I don't know. Do you have any ideas? B: Why don't we see a film? A: That's sounds good to me. Which film shall we see? B: Let's see "Action Man 4". A: I'd rather not. I don't like violent films. How about going to "Mad Doctor Brown"? I hear it's quite a funny film. B: OK. Let's go see that. When is it on? A: It's on at 8 o'clock at the Rex. Shall we have a bite to eat before the film? B: Sure, that sounds great. What about going to that new Italian restaurant 'Michetti's'? A: Great idea! Let's meet there at six. B: OK. I'll see you at 'Michetti's' at six. Bye.