1. REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSES

2. REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSES
When a DR clause has a continuous or passive verb form, we can leave out who, that, which and the auxiliary
Everyone (who is) living in the area complains about the noise.
The first novel (that was) written by Doris Lessing is The Grass Is Singing

3. -ing REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSE
It is used with verbs with an active meaning: present or past, but which convey a “continuous/progressive” idea.
The woman wearing the funny yellow hat is my cousin Jane. (replaces who is wearing)
IT CANNOT BE USED:
If there is a Noun in between.
The book I am reading is really good
The verb refers to a completed action.
The car which crashed last night is my brother’s.

4. The present participle can replace any active tense, not just the present continuous tense:
Lorries that come over the bridge have to be careful of the wind.
Lorries coming over the bridge have to be careful of the wind.
 Who was the girl who was wearing the red dress?.
Who was the girl wearing the red dress?

5. -ed REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSE
It is used insted of a passive verb.
Food sold (= which is sold) in this supermarket is of the highest quality.
IT CANNOT BE USED:
If there is a Noun in between.
The speed at which decisions are made is remarkable.
If the relative clause includes a modal (Except for “will”)
I believe you are among the people who might be chosen.

6. The poem that is being read by the actor was written by my brother.
We read the that had been sent by the manager
We read the sent by the manager
This vase which was made in China in the 14th century is very valuable
This vase made in China in the 14th century is very valuable.
The poem that is being read by the actor was written by my brother.
The poem being read by the actor was written by my brother.

7. If thre is a Noun in between
-ING reduced relative clause
The woman wearing  yellow hat is my cousin Jane
ACTIVE
permanent or in progress actions
Any tense : present, past or future
NOT USED :
For completed actions
If there is a Noun in between
-ed reduced relative clause
Food sold in this supermarket is of the highest quality.
PASSIVE
NOT USED :
With modals
If thre is a Noun in between

8. (that have arisen) (which involved) (who were swimming)
We will look first at problems arising during the field­work, before describing the nature of Easton and its police station. 
(that have arisen)
After all, hundreds of fundamental revolutions involving the whole and  almost completely illiterate populace of countries have taken place in the history of civilization.
 (which involved)
The survivors swimming from the wreckage were soon rescued.
(who were swimming)

9. A database containing  information relating to bibliographic  references and abstracts will be a literary work.
(that contains)
The elephant rescued by the volunteers can eventually be released  back into the wild. 
(which was rescued)
All those who do not need to buy tickets please go straight in.
(not needing)

10. The woman who was frightened by the noise burst into screams .
The issue being discussed at all faculties now is the University budget.
(which is being discussed)
The woman who was frightened by the noise burst into screams .
The frightened woman burst into screams.
She couldn’t work out the questions which were confusing.
She couldn’t work out confusing questions.

11. Use participle clauses with these pictures

12. Use participle clauses with these pictures

13. More images