1. Esters
By Cori and Shania

2. What Are Esters?
Esters are derivatives of carboxylic acids where the –OH of the carboxyl group has been replaced by an –OR from an alcohol. Esters also contain a carbonyl group and an ether link to the carbonyl carbon. (Wilbraham, 742)
(We will futher explain this during esterification… don’t worry!!!)

3. But first of all… Where are they found?
Other common household products that contain esters are…
Cosmetic (Marked, 1)
Drinks and food (Choppin, 625)
Artificial smell and flavouring (choppin 625)
Soaps and Shampoos (Marked,1)
Perfumes (Wilbraham, 742)
Naturally occurring
In fruit
Animal fats (2Clark, 2)
Vegetable oils (2Clark, 2)
Flowers (Wilbraham, 742)
(Thorne, 1)
(Romero, 1)
(Detergents,1)

4. Examples of esters in fruit!
Alcohol
Acid
Ester
Odor
Ethanol
Butanoic acid
Ethyl butanoate
Pineapple
Octanol
Acetic acid
Octyl acetate
Orange
Heptanoic acid
Ethyl heptanoate
Grape
Pentanol
Butanoic
Pentyl butanoate
Pear
(Heiss, 3)

5. General structure for esters
(BBC, 1)
(Education,1) c
Double bond between carbon and oxygen O
Alkyl group (Alcohol) o R’ R
FYI:
The R groups can be short-chain or long-chain aliphatic alkyl or aromatic (aryl) groups or saturated or non saturated.
Carbonyl group (Acid part)
(Wilbraham, 742)

6. Examples of naming… Naming esters 101 These are the rules… O C O
2-Methylpropanoate C C
These are the rules…
Two worded names
Alkyl group R’ (alcohol) is the first part of the name
Second word is adding OATE to the stem of the acid name.
(Richard 1)
To name esters properly, their structural formula must be read backwards.
(Choppin 625)
CH₃ O
CH₂-CH₃
CH₃
CH₃ CH
Ethyl ethanoate
CH₃
CH₃
CH₂- CH₂-CH₃
CH₃-CH₂-CH₂
CH₃
Methyl butanoate
Propyl ethanoate
(2Clark,4)
(CLARK,1)

7. Furthering your ester naming knowledge!C C C
CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂ O O
CH₂-CH₃ O
CH₂-CH₂-CH₃
Cyclohexyl hexanoate
Ethyl benzoate
Propyl benzoate
(2015, 3)
(TCI, 1)

8. YouTube video on naming…
This is a YouTube video with examples of naming.

9. Esterfication synthesis
To synthesize an ester, heat a carboxylic acid along with an alcohol or a phenol; an acid catalyst must be added as well. The oxygen of the alcohol adds to the carboxyl group, splitting out a molecule of water in the process.
The reaction is reversible, meaning it often reaches an homeostasis state with a large amount of unreacted starting material still present.
(Seager, 23)

10. Esterification example
Ethyl ethanoate
Ethanoic acid
Ethanol
Water O O H+
CH₃CH₂O H
CH₃ C
H₂O
CH₃ C OH
OCH₂CH₃
(Wilbraham, 743)

11. Properties of esters Some properties of esters include…
A fruity fragrance (Choppin 625)
A boiling point of 77.1◦C (2Clark, 4)
Small chained esters are soluble in water (polar)(2clark, 4)
Larger chained esters are soluble in alcohol and are limited in term of solubility(choppin, 625)(Wilbraham, 742)
Clear, colourless liquid (choppin, 625)

12. So you think you know esters?
Take one of the netbooks provided to your group
Close your notes, no cheating ;)
Use the link provided below:
Rules…
Answer ten questions on esters, through multiple choice and true or false questions. Please raise your hand when you have completed the quiz; we will then come around and write down your mark. For participating, you will win an “estery” treat. Good luck!!!

13. Picture References.
Thorne, Alyssa. Carly Alyssa Thorne. WhatTypeofdecisionmakerareyou Google image search. Web. 27 September 2015.
Unknown author. Detergents and soaps. Soaps&detergents-Ingredients Google image search. Web. 27 September 2015.
Romero, Vanessa. Healthy Living How To. ReaderQ&A-WhatCosmeticsDoYouUse Google image search. Web. 27 September 2015.
Unknown author. Mcat-review. OxygenContainingCoupounds-Alcohols Google image search. Web. 27 September 2015.
Unknown author. BBC. Namingorganiccompounds Google Search. Web. September
Heiss, Renee. Chemwattersonline. Mmmm…Flavourfulfoods Google search. Web. September

14. Information References
Richard, James. 3rd1000. IntroductiontoEsters. Revised Google search. Web. 24 September 2015.
Choppin, Gregory, et Al. Chemistry: Science of Matter, Energy, And Change. Silver Burdett Company, Print.
Unknown author. Education Scotland. Makingesters. Google search. Web. 24 September 2015.
Clark, Jim. Chem guide. IntroducingEsters. Google search. Web. 26 Sepember 2015.
Seager, Spencer. Chtf.Stuba.sk. CarboxylicAcidsandEsters. Google search. Web. 26 September 2015.
Unknown author. Marked by Teachers. WhatanEsteris,Howitismade,examplesofesters,animaltesingissues,andethics Google Search. Web. September
Clark, Jim. Chem Wiki. PropertiesofEsters. Google Search. Web. September
Wilbraham, Antony et Al. Prentice Hall Chemistry. Pearson Education Inc, Print.
Unknown author. 2012books.lardbucket. 15.6Esters:StructuresandNames. Google image search. Web. September
Unknown author. TCI America. Propylbenzoate. Google image search. Web. September
Unknown author. Pubchem. Cyclohexylhexanoate. Google image search. Web. September