1. Objective: To analyze the causes of World War I.
Do Now: What are some holidays where people celebrate pride in their national heritage?

2. M A N I Causes of World War I - MANIA
ilitarism – policy of building up strong military forces to prepare for war
lliances - agreements between nations to aid and protect one another
ationalism – pride in or devotion to one’s country
mperialism – when one country takes over another country economically and politically
ssassination – murder of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand

3. Increase in Spending Arms Race and the First World War:
There was a four-fold increase in defence spending of the great powers,

4. Navies - 3 Arms Race and the First World War:
There was a race between Germany and Britain to build the most Dreadnoughts. The graph shows the number built each year.

5. Causes of WWI - Alliances
Triple Entente:
Triple Alliance:
Great Britain
Germany
Austria-Hungary
France
Russia
Italy

6. Causes of WWI - Nationalism
Pan-Slavism  - movement to unify all of the Slavic people

7. Causes of WWI - Nationalism
Pan-Germanism  - movement to unify the people of all German speaking countries
Germanic Countries
Austria *
Belgium
Denmark
Iceland
Germany *
Liechtenstein *
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Norway
Sweden
Switzerland *
United Kingdom
* = German speaking country

8. Imperialism: European conquest of Africa

9. Causes of WWI - Assassination
Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Duchess Sophie at Sarajevo, Bosnia, on June 28th, 1914.

10. Causes of WWI - Assassination

11. Causes of WWI - Assassination
Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand was killed in Bosnia by a Serbian nationalist who believed that Bosnia should belong to Serbia.

12. Causes of WWI - Assassination
Gavrilo Princip after his assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

13. The Point of No Return: The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Germany pledged their support for Austria -Hungary. · example of Pan-German nationalism
Austria demanded Serbia’s full cooperation in an investigation. When Serbia refused, Austria declared war.
Nicholas II (Czar of Russia) reluctantly pledges his support for Serbia. Example of Pan-Slavic nationalism

14. The Point of No Return: The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Austria-Hungary begins bombing the Serbian City of Belgrade.
Germany declares war on Russia
Germany declares war on France (Russia’s ally).
Germany invades Belgium on the way to France.
Great Britain supports Belgium and declares war on Germany.

15. Allied Powers:
Central Powers:
Germany
Great Britain
World War I
France
Austria-Hungary
Ottoman Empire
Russia
Italy

16. World War I: A Global Conflict

17. War Begins:
Many Europeans expected the war to last no more than 6 months.
Germany wanted to achieve a fast victory in Europe…
Schlieffen Plan – Germany’s plan for a fast attack on France, followed by an attack on Russia.
1st Battle of the Marne – French force the Germans to retreat denying them the capture of Paris

18. Agree or Disagree?
Any type of weapons should be used in the time of war in order to win. Agree or Disagree?
It is often necessary to kill civilians during a time of war. Agree or Disagree?

19. Cross-section of a front-line trench
Trench Warfare
Trench Warfare – strategy of fighting from the protection of deep ditches to defend your position
Cross-section of a front-line trench 

21. French soldiers firing over their own dead

22. An aerial photograph of the opposing trenches and no-man's land in Artois, France, July 22, German trenches are at the right and bottom, British trenches are at the top left. The vertical line to the left of centre indicates the course of a pre-war road.

23. Thinking Slide:
What difficulties or problems might occur with Trench Warfare?

24. British trench, France, July 1916 (during the Battle of the Somme)

25. Living Conditions in the Trenches: Rats
Trenches were typically cold, wet, and dirty. Often having disease and infection spreading rapidly
Rats in the millions infested trenches. Gorging themselves on human remains (grotesquely disfiguring them by eating their eyes and liver) they grow to the size of a cat.
Although men would try to rid themselves of the rats, it was futile. A single rat could produce up to 900 offspring in a year, spreading infection and contaminating food.

26. A photograph of a man suffering from trench foot.

27. Medical services were primitive and life-saving antibiotics had not yet been
discovered. Relatively minor injuries could prove fatal through onset of
infection and gangrene. The Germans recorded that 12% of leg wounds and
23% of arm wounds resulted in death, mainly through infection.

28. Trench Facts
Each battalion had its own supply of rum that it distributed to its soldiers. Each division of 20,000 men received gallon.
Every soldier carried iron rations -- emergency food that consisted of a can of bully beef, biscuits and a tin of tea and sugar.
A single pair of rats could produced up to 900 offspring in a year.
A total of 3,894 men in the British Army were convicted of self-inflicted wounds. A firing-squad offense -- none were executed, but all served prison terms.
The British Army treated 20,000 soldiers for trench foot during the winter of
One-third of all casualties on the Western Front may have been killed or wounded in a trench.
A lit candle was fairly effective in removing lice, but the skill of burning the lice without setting yourself on fire was difficult to learn. Soldiers in the trenches often depended on impure water collected from shell-holes or other cavities, causing dysentery

29. Machine Gun
Machine guns, usually positioned on a flat tripod, would require a gun crew of four to six operators. They had the fire-power of 100 guns.
The 1914 machine gun, in theory, could fire small-caliber rounds per minute, a figure that was to more than double by the war's end, with rounds fed via a fabric belt or a metal strip.

30. Machine Gun
The reality however was that these early machine guns would rapidly overheat and become inoperative without the aid of cooling mechanisms; they were consequently fired in short rather than sustained bursts. Cooling generally took one of two forms: water cooled and, increasingly as the war developed, air cooled. Water jackets would be provided for the former (which held around one gallon of liquid) and air vents would be built into the machine gun for the latter

31. British Vickers machine gun crew, western front, World War I.

32. Artillery Bullets (shells) had great power and carried much further.
24 million shells used in the Battle of Verdun alone 32

33. Tanks
Tanks were used for the first time in the First World War at the Battle of the Somme. They were developed to cope with the conditions on the Western Front. The first tank was called ‘Little Willie’ and needed a crew of 3. Its maximum speed was 3mph and it could not cross trenches
The more modern tank was not developed until just before the end of the war. It could carry 10 men, had a revolving turret and could reach 4 mph

34. British Tank at Ypres

35. The Airplane

36. Airplanes
Planes were also used for the first time. At first they were mainly for reconnaissance and then later used to deliver bombs (actually dropping bricks). But later, became fighter aircrafts armed with machine guns. Fights between two planes in the sky became known as ‘dogfights’
Light machine guns were adopted too for incorporation into aircraft from onwards, for example the Vickers, particularly with the German adoption of interrupter equipment, which enabled the pilot to fire the gun through the aircraft's propeller blades.

37. Manfred von Richthofen
Also known as “The Red Baron”
a German fighter pilot with the Imperial German Army Air Service
Credited with over 80 air combat victories

38. The Zeppelin

39. Flame Throwers
Grenade Launchers

40. Poison Gas

41. Poison Gas
Considered uncivilized prior to World War One, the development and use of poison gas was necessitated by the requirement of wartime armies to find new ways of overcoming the stalemate of unexpected trench warfare.
Although it is popularly believed that the German army was the first to use gas it was in fact initially deployed by the French. In the first month of the war, August 1914, they fired tear-gas grenades (xylyl bromide) against the Germans. The Germans, However, were the 1st to study it and use it on a large scale.
Country Casualties Deaths
Austria-Hungary , ,000
British Empire , ,109
France , ,000
Germany , ,000
Italy , ,627
Russia , ,000
USA , ,462
Others , ,000

42. Poison Gas- Mustard Gas effects

43. U-Boats German Submarines German word Unterseeboot -(Undersea boat)
Used effectively against enemy naval ships
Also used in naval blockades of merchant ships (commercial raiding)

44. Why did it take so long for America to get involved in the war?
America was neutral
“Why should I get involved in someone else’s problems”

45. Thinking Slide:
Is staying neutral really an option for a country as powerful as the United States?

46. Which side should the US pick?
Central Powers:
Allies:
11 million German-Americans
Irish-Americans hated Great Britain
Close cultural ties
Shared transatlantic cables (so censored stories)
Big business loaned much $ to allies (used that money to buy American weapons and supplies)
The American economy was booming
US Exports to both sides:

47. Even with many German-Americans, most Americans sided with Britain and France

48. · In 1915, a German submarine torpedoed the Lusitania, a British passenger ship, killing approximately 1,200 people, including 128 Americans.

49. · Americans were infuriated with the destruction of the Lusitania.

50. Moving Toward War Zimmermann telegram: –
Secret message from
Germany to Mexico urging Mexico to attack the U.S. if the U.S. declared war on Germany
– Germany promised to help Mexico regain land it lost to the U.S. in the Mexican War.
* The U.S. declared war on the Central Powers in 1917.

51. (above) Zimmermann Telegram as Received by the German Ambassador to Mexico, 01/19/1917 (right) decoded words

52. Zimmermann Telegram: Decoded Message