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Recent Results from RHIC

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Presentation on theme: "Recent Results from RHIC"— Presentation transcript:

1 Recent Results from RHIC
David Hofman University of Illinois at Chicago EPS 2003 July 17-24, 2003 Aachen

2 Relativistic Heavy Ions
AGS: fixed target, 4.8 GeV/u pair SPS: fixed target, 17 GeV/u pair RHIC: collider, 200 GeV/u pair LHC: collider, 5.4 TeV/u pair RHIC Two concentric superconducting magnet rings, 3.8 km circum. Funded by U.S. Dept. of Energy ($616 million) Construction began Jan. 1991, first collisions June 2000 Au + Au √sNN = (19.6, 56) 130, 200 GeV p + p √sNN = 200 GeV d + Au √sNN = 200 GeV (Just finished spring 2003!) EPS Aachen

3 Relativistic Heavy Ions
EPS Aachen

4 Four Complementary Experiments
~303 collaborators ~307 collaborators Large solid angle tracking ~ Complete events Leptons, (+h’s, g’s) High rate, Sophisticated triggering STAR ~52 collaborators ~68 collaborators ~4p accept. Good vtx. resolution (All Si det.) Tracking & PID at high y EPS Aachen

5 Npart/2 = # of participating pairs of nucleons: = 1
p + p Collisions “Participant” Scaling Npart/2 = # of participating pairs of nucleons: = 1 Binary “Collision” Scaling Ncoll = # of NN collisions: = 1 EPS Aachen

6 Npart/2 = # of participating pairs of nucleons: ~ A
Au+Au Collisions “Participant” Scaling Head-On Collision Npart/2 = # of participating pairs of nucleons: ~ A Binary “Collision” Scaling Head-On Collision A L~A1/3 Ncoll = # of NN collisions: ~ A4/3 EPS Aachen

7 Number of Binary Collisions vs. Centrality and Energy
Glauber Monte Carlo for Au + Au Collisions sinel=42 mb (RHIC) nmax ~ 6 (RHIC) Au+Au nmax ~ 5 (SPS) n = Ncoll/(Npart/2) sinel=33 mb (SPS) nmax ~ 3 (AGS) sinel=21 mb (AGS) nmax = 1 (p+p) Peripheral collisions Central collisions <Npart> (√sNN=200) ~ 100 EPS Aachen

8 Charged Particle Density near Midrapidity
EPS Aachen

9 Charged Particle Density near Midrapidity
Most Naïve Model Possible: A+A = Incoherent Superposition of binary p+p collisions Au+Au Min-bias (n~3.6) (n~3.1) SPS RHIC AGS EPS Aachen

10 Charged Particle Density near Midrapidity
Central Collisions (for Heavy Ion data) RHIC - combined SPS RHIC AGS EPS Aachen

11 Charged Particle Density near Midrapidity
Central Collisions (for Heavy Ion data) dN/dyT (for e+e- data) RHIC - combined SPS RHIC AGS EPS Aachen

12 RHIC Results for Au + Au Charged Particles
mid-rapidity Multiplicities at the very low end of model expectation. (√s = 200 GeV) Energy-density estimates: εBJ ~ 4.6 GeV/fm3 (√s = 130 GeV) (PHENIX; PRL 87 (2001) ) εBJ ~ 5.5 GeV/fm3 (√s = 200 GeV) (PHENIX: preliminary) Expectation for a “new form of matter” at energy-densities: ε > 1 GeV/fm3 Mid-Rapidity Density EPS Aachen

13 Charged Particle Production at Midrapidity
Energy and Centrality Dependence Data is normalized by p+p value for each energy. Binary collision scaling 200 GeV Au+Au 130 GeV 19.6 GeV preliminary Participant scaling p + p Dima, Eugene, Larry peripheral central  Very “flat” particle production with centrality!  Importance of comparing results to proton “baseline”. EPS Aachen

14 Suppression in Au+Au Hadron Spectra
Binary collision scaling Picture From: T. Peltzmann, QM02 Central collisions at midrapidity BRAHMS STAR PHOBOS h± BRAHMS SEES SAME AT pseudorapidty of 2 h± p0 PHENIX 0-10% Participant scaling  High pT yields in Au+Au are strongly suppressed for central collisions relative to p+p data and collision scaling expectation.  Trend is seen in all four RHIC experiments. EPS Aachen

15 Suppression in Au+Au Hadron Spectra
STAR: nucl-ex/ pT (GeV/c) Saturation: KLM, Phys Lett B561, 93 pQCD: Wang, nucl-th/ (see also Vitev and Gyulassy, PRL 89, ) Initial state effect Final state effect EPS Aachen

16 p+p jet+jet (STAR@RHIC)
Jets at RHIC STAR From: P. Jacobs, RHIC special colloquium Find this… …in this jet p+p jet+jet Au+Au ??? parton Select highest pT (>4 GeV/c) “trigger jet” nucleon nucleon → create Df distribution for < pT < pT(trigger) EPS Aachen

17 Azimuthal Jet Distributions in Au+Au
STAR STAR: PRL 90, Figs From: P. Jacobs Au+Au peripheral Au+Au central pedestal and flow subtracted pedestal and flow subtracted Near-side: peripheral and central Au+Au similar to p+p Far-side: strong suppression of back-to-back correlations in central Au+Au EPS Aachen

18 Suppression: Initial or Final State Effect?
Pics From: P. Jacobs Initial state? Final state? partonic energy loss gluon saturation High pT suppression in Au + Au explained by both models. EPS Aachen

19 Suppression: Initial or Final State Effect?
Pics From: P. Jacobs Initial state? Final state? partonic energy loss gluon saturation High pT suppression in Au + Au explained by both models. How to discriminate? Turn off final state.  d+Au collisions ? EPS Aachen

20 Charged Hadron Results @ RHIC
d+Au vs. Au+Au at √sNN = 200 GeV STAR d+Au: nucl-ex/ PHENIX d+Au: nucl-ex/ d+Au Au+Au central pT (GeV/c) BRAHMS d+Au: nucl-ex/ PHOBOS d+Au: nucl-ex/ pT (GeV/c) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 d+A (0-20%) Au+Au (central) Remind everyone there are subtle differences in Eta space and normalization. d+Au Au+Au central (BRAHMS: same in Au+Au for h=2) pT (GeV/c) EPS Aachen

21 p0 Yields Relative to Binary Scaled p+p
Color Fig From: T. Hemmick d+Au Binary Collision Scaling Au+Au Also mention PHOBOS centrality dependence. Au+Au: strong suppression d+Au: no suppression EPS Aachen

22 Azimuthal Jet Distributions in d+Au
STAR Fig From: P. Jacobs pedestal and flow subtracted D f (radians) Near-side: similar result for p+p, d+Au and Au+Au. Far-side: strong suppression of back-to-back correlations only in central Au+Au; NOT in d+Au, p+p nor peripheral Au+Au. EPS Aachen

23 RHIC special symposium
June 18th 2003 RHIC special symposium Evidence for ‘jet quenching’ in central Au+Au at RHIC Evidence of ‘jet non-quenching’ in d+Au (and peripheral Au+Au) Data suggest we have observed a final state effect produced in a hot dense medium. A few (of many) other hot topics at RHIC: Statistical model and particle ratios – Everything fits with T ~ 176 MeV. HBT Radii – No change in Rside and Rout! Elliptic Flow – Saturates hydrodynamics limit at low pT! – Interesting mass, pT and h dependence! First glimpses of J/Y at RHIC Also mention BRAHMS still sees jet quenching even away from mid-rapidity at Eta ~ 2 EPS Aachen

24 Particle Ratios: Fit Beautifully in Statistical Model
Fig From: B. Norman Baryochemical potential values (mu_b~45 MeV at 130 GeV and 27 MeV at 200 GeV) assume a chemical freezeout temperature of 165 meV. → Statistical/Thermal model represents data well. → No change in freezeout temperature from 130 to 200 GeV, but decreasing baryon chemical potential. EPS Aachen

25 Two pion correlations at RHIC
√sNN = 130 GeV Source dimensions by measuring HBT radii. Essentially no change (in Rside and Rout) from AGS (√sNN~4.7) to RHIC (√sNN~200)! Short lived source. Not described in current dynamical models. PHENIX: PRL 88 (2002) STAR: PRL 87 (2001) Latest hydro underestimates the size and overestimates the emission time Blast-wave parameterizations give short particle emission time but lifetimes ~ 10 fm/c…not in agreement with recent balance function data. EPS Aachen

26 Elliptic Flow: a Collective Effect
Initial spatial anisotropy z z Reaction plane (YR) y f x y y x x (defines YR) Final momentum anisotropy dN/d(f -YR ) = N0 (1 + 2v1cos (f-YR) v2cos (2(f-YR)) ) py px Anisotropy parameter v2 EPS Aachen

27 RHIC Results Reach Hydro at low pT
(PHENIX: nucl-ex/ ) STAR: nucl-ex/ STAR & PHENIX have similar results for the mass and pT dependence of elliptic flow (v2). Reach hydro limit only at low pT. Different particles deviate from this limit at different values of pT. Mass and pT dependence removed if scale by number of constituent quarks (n). Quark coalescence? → More detailed studies needed. EPS Aachen

28 Charged Particle v2 vs. h and Energy
PHOBOS: PRL 89, (2002) Anisotropy parameter v2 Hydrodynamic limit illustration √sNN = 130 GeV (PRL 89) √sNN = 200 GeV (preliminary) Measuring vs. pseuodorapidity is very important to put limits on theory. Hydro matches the charged particle multiplicity. h (pseudorapidity)  Lack of boost invariance. Poses a challenge for theory. EPS Aachen

29 J/y from PHENIX The suppression of J/y yields in heavy-ion collisions at SPS is believed to be an important signal for a de-confined state of matter. Important to measure at RHIC. PHENIX has successfully measured J/y at RHIC for p+p collisions. Full story in the next talk! p+p collisions at √s= 200 GeV (In case you forgot: Mass J/y ~ 3.1 GeV) EPS Aachen

30 Conclusion: Recent Results from RHIC
Clear signatures of high pT suppression (“jet quenching”) in central Au + Au collisions at RHIC that are not present in d + Au. Indication of final state interactions in bulk dense matter. Much more data exists than I had time to show. (Stay in session today and tomorrow for more results.) Many exciting puzzles remain… EPS Aachen

31 More RHIC Experimental Talks to Follow
J/y production (PHENIX) Nichelle Bruner Charged particle production (PHOBOS) Gerrit van Nieuwenhuizen Freeze-out temperatures and transverse flow (BRAHMS) Oana Ristea Identified Low pT spectra (PHOBOS) Adam Trzupek Identified High pT production (BRAHMS) Zhongbao Yin Charged particle pT spectra (PHOBOS) Rachid Nouicer Strangeness production at RHIC (BRAHMS) Jens I. Jordre EPS Aachen

32 Backup Slides

33 Reminder: Centrality in Au+Au
Data Paddle: Multiplicity in 3 < |h| < 4.5 HIJING +GEANT Glauber calculation Model of paddle trigger Peripheral b Central Paddle signal Data+MC Npart EPS Aachen

34 Charged Particle Production at Midrapidity
Energy and Centrality Dependence PRC 65, (R) (2002); 19.6 GeV in Preparation Midrapidity |h|<1 Au+Au 200 GeV dNch/dh 130 GeV 19.6 GeV preliminary pp two component fit with x~ 0.1 Flat line  See same fraction of about 10% collision scaling fits all energies. EPS Aachen

35 Charged Particle Production at Midrapidity
Energy and Centrality Dependence Data is normalized by corresponding pp value for each energy. → Data described by model with: 200 GeV 130 GeV Au+Au 19.6 GeV preliminary p + p Dima, Eugene, Larry Kharzeev, Levin, McLerran (KLM) (e.g. PLB 561 (2003) 93)  Initial state (KLM) saturation model also describes full dN/dh shapes; including new effect seen by PHOBOS in the fragmentation region. EPS Aachen

36 PT Distribution of Charged Particles
“Soft” part of spectrum Phobos Preliminary Systematic Errors not shown  What about high pT? Have a quick look at the “Hard” part of the spectrum. EPS Aachen

37 Estimated baryochemical potential at sNN = 200 GeV: B = 26  2 MeV
Energy evolution of B Using measured <K–>/<K+>,<p>/<p> and statistical model of F. Becattini et al.,(PRC64,024901,2001) with Tch  160 – 170 MeV Estimated baryochemical potential at sNN = 200 GeV: B = 26  2 MeV LHC ~ 1 MeV? Fit: P.Braun-Munzinger NP. A697,902,2002 EPS Aachen

38 Theory Calculations Energy loss applied:
M. Gyulassy, I. Vitev, X.N Wang and B.W. Zhang; nucl-th/ dE/dxo is the only free parameter. It is determined by fitting to STAR central RAA(pt) Cronin Effect: X.N. Wang, Phys. Rev C61, (2000). Attributed to initial state multiple scattering. Implemented by Q2(pt) dependent Gaussian kt broadening EPS Aachen

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