1. : The World at War

2. Causes of the War

3. The Alliance System Triple Entente: Triple Alliance: Great Britain
Germany
Austria Hungary
France
Russia
Italy

4. Two Armed Camps! Allied Powers: Central Powers: Great Britain Germany
Austria Hungary
France
Russia
Turkey
Italy

5. Victor Emmanuel II [IT]
The Major Players:
Allied Powers:
Central Powers:
Nicholas II [RUS]
Wilhelm II [GER]
George V [GB]
Victor Emmanuel II [IT]
Enver Pasha [Turkey]
Pres. Poincare [FR]
Franz Josef [A-H]

6. Europe in 1914

7. Nationalism and Alliances
Rivalries over colonies and trade grew during the Age of Imperialism.
At the same time, Europe’s great powers had been divided into two loose alliances.
Triple Alliance= Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
Triple Entente= France, Great Britain, Russia
Nationalism- not all ethnic groups had separated to become nations.
Slavic minorities in the Balkans and the Hapsburg Empire, still wanted to be their own nations.
The Irish in the British Empire and the Poles in the Russian Empire had similar dreams of becoming their own nations.

9. Militarism
Growth of massive armies heightened existing tension between countries.
Conscription= a military draft (U.S. and GB were the exceptions)
European armies doubled in size between
Militarism= aggressive preparation for war.
Military leaders began gaining power leaving political leaders with little leeway.
In 1914, they had to make decisions for military instead of political reasons.

10. Assassination in Sarajevo
By 1914, Serbia, supported by Russia, was determined to create a large, independence Slavic state in the Balkans.
A-H which had its own Slavic minorities was equally determined to prevent that from happening.
June 28, 1914 Archduke Francis Ferdinand, the heir to the throne of A-H and his wife, Sophia visited the city of Sarajevo in Bosnia.
A group of conspirators waited for them in the streets.
Gavrilo Princip, 19 year old Bosnian Serb was a member of a Serbian terrorist organization that wanted Bosnia to be free from A-H and to become part of a large Serbian kingdom.
An assassination attempt by one conspirator earlier that day failed. Princip shot and killed both the Archduke and his wife.

13. Austria-Hungary Responds
The A-H did not know if the Serbian government was directly involved but did not care.
Austrian leaders wanted to attack Serbia but feared that Russia would intervene on Serbia’s behalf.
Instead they asked for the backing of their German ally.
Emperor William I of Germany gave A-H a “blank check” promising their full support.
On July 28, A-H declared war on Serbia.

14. Russia Mobilizes Russia was determined to support Serbia.
July 28, Czar Nicholas II ordered partial mobilization of the Russian army against A-H.
Mobilization= process of assembling troops and supplies for war.
Leaders of the Russian army informed the czar that they could not partially mobilize. Their plans were based on a war against both Germany and A-H.
Mobilizing against only A-H would create chaos in the army.
The Czar ordered full mobilization of the Russian army on July 29, knowing that Germany would consider this order an act of war.

15. Conflict Gets Bigger
Germany did react quickly. Their government warned Russia that it must halt its mobilization within 12 hours.
Russia ignored the warning. Germany then declared war on Russia on August 1.
General Alfred von Schlieffen had helped draw up a plan.
Two-front war with France and Russia since the two had formed a military alliance in 1894.
Germany would conduct a small holding against Russia while most of the German army would carry out a rapid invasion of France.
In order to invade France, they would have to move along the coastline of Belgium.
After France was defeated, German invaders would move to the east against Russia.

18. Conflict Gets Bigger Germany could not just fight Russia.
Therefore, it declared war on France, August 3.
At the same time, it issued an ultimatum to Belgium demanding that German troops be allowed to pass through.
August 4, Great Britain declared war on Germany for violating Belgian neutrality.
Britain was allied with France and concerned about maintaining its own world power.
By August 4, all the Great Powers of Europe were at war.

19. 1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures
2. Militarism & Arms Race
Total Defense Expenses for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] in millions of £s.
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1914 94
130
154
268
289
398
Increase in Defense Expenditures
France
10%
Britain
13%
Russia
39%
Germany
73%

20. 4. Aggressive Nationalism

21. The “Powder Keg” of Europe
The Balkans, 1914
The “Powder Keg” of Europe

22. The “Spark”

23. Who’s To Blame?

24. German Atrocities in Belgium

25. Mobilization

26. Recruitment Posters

27. A Young Australian Recruit

28. Recruits of the Central Powers
A German Soldier Says Farewell to His Mother
Austro-Hungarians

29. New French Recruits

30. A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier

32. Women and the War Effort

33. Financing the War

34. For Recruitment

35. Munitions Workers

36. French Women Factory Workers

37. German Women Factory Workers

38. Working in the Fields

39. A Woman Ambulance Driver

40. Red Cross Nurses

41. Women in the Army Auxiliary

42. Russian Women Soldiers

43. Spies
“Mata Hari”
Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle
German Spy!

44. Posters: Wartime Propaganda

45. Australian Poster

46. American Poster

47. Financing the War

48. German Poster
Think of Your Children!

49. The Western Front: A “War of Attrition”

50. A Multi-Front War

51. The Western Front

52. Trench Warfare

53. Trench Warfare
“No Man’s Land”

54. Verdun – February, 1916 German offensive.
Each side had 500,000 casualties.

55. The Somme – July, 1916 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.
Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

56. War Is HELL !!

57. Sacrifices in War

58. Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun

59. The Eastern Front

60. The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915

61. Turkish Cavalry in Palestine

62. T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”, 1916-18

63. T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-19

64. The Tsar with General Brusilov

65. The “Colonial” Fronts

66. Sikh British Soldiers in India

67. Fighting in Africa
Black Soldiers in the German Schutztruppen [German E. Africa]
British Sikh Mountain Gunners

68. 3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade
Fighting in Africa
3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade

69. Fighting in Salonika, Greece
French colonial marine infantry from Cochin, China

70. America Joins the Allies

71. The Sinking of the Lusitania

72. The Zimmerman Telegram

73. The Yanks Are Coming!

74. Americans in the Trenches

75. The War of the Industrial Revolution: New Technology

76. French Renault Tank

77. British Tank at Ypres

78. U-Boats

79. Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

80. “Squadron Over the Brenta” Max Edler von Poosch, 1917
The Airplane
“Squadron Over the Brenta” Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

81. The Flying Aces of World War I
Eddie Rickenbacher, US
Francesco Barraco, It.
Eddie “Mick” Mannoch, Br.
Manfred von Richtoffen, Ger. [The “Red Baron”]
Rene Pauk Fonck, Fr.
Willy Coppens de Holthust, Belg.

82. Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant

83. Looking for the “Red Baron?”

84. The Zeppelin

85. Flame Throwers
Grenade Launchers

86. Poison Gas
Machine Gun

87. “Art” of World War I

88. “A Street in Arras” John Singer Sargent, 1918

89. “Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917

90. “Those Who Have Lost Their Names” Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914

91. “Gassed and Wounded” Eric Kennington, 1918

92. “Paths of Glory” C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917

93. German Cartoon: “Fit for active service!”, 1918

94. 1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies
50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died

95. The Armistice is Signed!
11 a.m., November 11, 1918
The Armistice is Signed!

96. 9,000,000 Dead

97. The Somme American Cemetary, France
116,516 Americans Died

98. World War I Casualties

99. Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!

100. Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
Districts & Vilayets of Western Armenia in Turkey
1914
1922
Erzerum
215,000
1,500
Van
197,000
500
Kharbert
204,000
35,000
Diarbekir
124,000
3,000
Bitlis
220,000
56,000
Sivas
225,000
16,800
Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey
Western Anatolia
371,800
27,000
Cilicia and Northern Syria
309,000
70,000
European Turkey
194,000
163,000
Trapizond District
73,390
15,000
Total
2,133,190
387,800