1. Puberty
and
Sexual Maturity

2. Puberty and Sexual Maturity
Puberty is defined as the age at which the female
or male gonads become capable of releasing the
gametes (Oocytes or Spermatozoa).
Puberty in females is defined as the age at the
first expressed estrus with ovulation.
It should not be considered sexual maturity.
If animals are bred at puberty, a high percentage
will have difficulty with parturition.

3. Puberty and Sexual Maturity
The female become capable for insemination and pregnancy.

4. Puberty and Sexual Maturity
Puberty occurs when gonadotropins (FSH and LH) are produced at high enough levels to initiate follicle growth, oocyte maturation, and ovulation.
When they approach mature levels, they stimulate resumption of oocyte maturation and ovulation occurs.

5. Puberty and Sexual Maturity
Age at pubety is affected by both genetic and environmental factors.
Genetic factors can be seen by comparing or breeds within a species.
Average age at puberty is:
7 to 18 months for cows (Maturity: 30 months)
4 to 5 months for does (Maturity: 6-8 months)
7 to 10 months for ewes (Maturity: months)
12 to 24 months for mares (Maturity: 36 months)
Bitch :6-20 month queen 7-12 month

6. Factors affecting timing of puberty

7. Puberty and Sexual Maturity
A number of environmental factors have a pronounced effect on age at puberty.
In general, any factor which slows growth rate, thus preventing expression of full genetic potential, will delay puberty.
1-High environmental temperature delays puberty.

8. Puberty and Sexual Maturity
2-Age at puberty in sheep and goats is affected by months of birth because it affects their age at the onset of their breeding season.
For example, ewes born in January will be older at puberty than those born in March.

9. Puberty and Sexual Maturity
3-Other environmental factors that might delay puberty include poor health and poor sanitation in rearing facilities.
While adverse envitonments delay puberty and reduce the mature size of animals
4- weight at puberty is not greatly affected.
5-Feeding above recommeded levels will result in earlier puberty.

10. The average ages and 6-Breed
s reached puberty are shown in Table 4.1
ger-type heifers (e.g., Simmental) were younger and heavier at puberty than
inants of the time of onset of puberty. In a study of the
as a negative relationship between age at
will be influenced by the effect of season of the year.
nce, a filly born early in the year, i.e. January or February, may have her first
weights at which heifers of different type
6-Breed
Dairy breeds appear to reach puberty earlier than beef breeds
The average ages and
weights at which heifers of different type
reached puberty

11. Seasonality

12. Seasonality
Most wild species have a breeding season that is initiated at a time when the environment will allow for the best survival of the young at their birth.
These patterns have developed through natural selection over many generations.

13. Seasonality
Patterns of seasonal breeding range from species that have one period of estrus each year (Monoestrus) to species that have a series of estrous cycles limited to a portion of year (seasonally polyestrus).
In temperate climates many species are seasonal breeders.
Sheep, goats and horses are examples of them.

14. Seasonality
This means that periods of sexual activity (the oestrus season) are alternated with periods of sexual inactivity (the anoestrus season).
In sheep, sexual activity starts when the day length shortens (short-day breeders), and in horses sexual activity starts when day length increases (long-day breeders).

15. Seasonality
The difference in breeding season between species is connected with the differences in gestation length.
In temperate and cold climates the result is that both horses and sheep give birth to their young in spring, a period with sufficient food, giving them the best chance of survival.

16. Seasonality
The pineal gland is the main regulatory organ in seasonality.
Via the eyes and complex neural connections day length is registered in the pineal gland.

17. Seasonality

18. Seasonality
The pineal gland produces indoleamins of which melatonin is the most important.
Melatonin is produced and secreted during the night (dark).
When days become shorter the exposure of the animal to melatonin increases. This has a stimulating effect on the GnRH secretion by the hypothalamus in short-day breeders like sheep

19. Seasonality
In long-day breeders (horse) the increased exposure to melatonin during long nights (short days) inhibits the GnRH release by the hypothalamus.
In this way the day length differences are recognized and translated into signals that turn on or turn off sexual activity.