1. Standard 2B: Evolutionary Processes Doc#1 Ms. Darlak
Biology B
Standard 2B: Evolutionary Processes
Doc#1 Ms. Darlak

2. Agenda DOC #1 Adaptations 2B Adaptation Notes & Assignment
NZ Bird Adaptation Sort
HOMEWORK:
Kiwi Adaptations

3. Animal Adaptations
A structural adaptation involves some part of an animal's body.
Teeth
Body coverings   
Movement
A structural adaptation involves some part of an animal's body, such as the size or shape of the teeth, the animal's body covering, or the way the animal moves.  
Teeth - since different animals eat different things, they don't all have the same kind of teeth
Body coverings - Hair, scales, spines, and feathers grow from the skin.  All of these parts help animals survive in their environments.  
Movement - animals find food by moving from place to place

4. Types of Structural Adaptations
CAMOUFLAGE/COLORATION: blending in with the environment for protection from predators or to help sneak up on prey.

5. Types of Structural Adaptations
MIMICRY: copying a behavior or appearance.
Used for protection or obtaining food and protection.

7. flippers
wings
Bent legs

9. Types of Adataions
Physiological
Definition- jobs of body parts controlling life processes that aids survival, metabolic processes
(Ex. Hibernation, producing poison or toxin, resistance to antibiotics or pesticide, ecto or endothermic)

10. Physiological Adaptations
Hibernation – adaptive winter survival technique where animal becomes inactive and all body processes slow down.
Examples: bears, chipmunks, squirrels, bats, frogs

11. Physiological Adaptations
Producing Toxin or poison –
Examples: Snakes, frogs, spiders, scorpions

12. Physiological Adaptations
Resistance to Antibiotics or Pesticides
Examples: bacteria, insects, and plants

13. Physiological Adaptations
Endo or Ectotherms– warm vs cold blooded
Ectotherm Examples: Invertebrates, fish, reptiles & amphibians
Endotherm Examples: Mammals and birds

14. Types of Adaptations Behavioral
Definition: Ways an organism act to help them survive in their environment.
EX: Migration, warning calls, mating dances, hunting in packs.

15. Behavioral Adaptations
Migration - seasonal or periodic movement of animals in response to changes in climate or food availability, or to ensure reproduction.
Migration most commonly involves movement from one area to another and then back again.
Examples: geese, whales, salmon,
Monarch butterflies

16. Behavioral Adaptations
Courtship –communication between animals
Territorial -threatening behavior – scares off potential competitors and predators

17. Behavioral Adaptations
Hunting or Living in a Groups – more eyes in a group to watch out for prey or predator, protection
Examples: fish,
wildebeest, walruses,
lions

18. Behavioral Adaptations
Tool Use - any object manipulated by an animal in order to perform a specific task. (monkeys, otters, birds)
Playing Dead - By pretending that they are dead, some animals escape bodily harm. (snakes, opossums)

19. Plant Adaptations

20. PLANT ADAPTATIONS Structural Plant Adaptations
1. Structures - adaptations on the body:
holdfasts, empty space for water storage, catch animals for minerals, tallness, heartiness, thorns, flexibility, floatation devices
2. Seeds – all seeds have adaptation to
better enable it to survive long enough
to plant itself and grow.

21. Plant Adaptations
3. Protection – thorns, bad taste, poison,
coloration, spikes
4. Obtaining Food – All plants do
photosynthesis and make glucose in their
leaves. The larger the leaves the more
Sun they can capture.

22. PLANT STRUCTURE ADAPTATIONS
Below are pictures of plants. Pick out their
adaptations.

23. SEEDS
Seeds are the baby plants!!! They are formed when the pollen fertilizes the egg. Fruit protects the seed.

24. SEED DISPERSAL Look at the seeds below and name how they
are dispersed.

25. Plant REPRODUCTION (Pollination)
Flowers and nectar are to attract specific Pollinators.

26. PLANT BEHAVIORS
Plants not only have structural adaptations; they have behaviors that help them to survive in their environment.
Tropism: movement of a plant toward or away from a stimulus. Toward is called positive, away is called negative.

27. Example 1-Phototropism
When the plant senses light and the shoots (stems & leaves) grow toward the light source.
This is a positive tropism because the plant is growing toward the stimulus.

28. Example 2-Gravitropism
When growth of a plant changes in response to direction of gravity.
Shoots (stems & leaves)
have a negative Gravitropism
because they grow in the
opposite direction of the
force of gravity. 
Roots mostly have positive gravi-
tropism because they grow toward
the force of gravity (downward). 

29. PLANT BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATIONS A state of rest or inactivity. DORMANCY -
Many plants go dormant in the winter.
Why do trees loose their leaves in the fall?
What other types of plants go dormant in the winter?

30. Types of Adaptation The 3 types of animal adaptations are. . .
Anything that helps an organism survive in its environment is an adaptation. 
The 3 types of animal adaptations are. . .
1. Structural= a body part or coloring that aids survival
(Ex. Protective coloration (camouflage) Mimicry )
2. Physiological= jobs of body parts controlling life processes that aids survival (Ex. Snake making venom, storage of food in a bulb)
3. Behavioral= an action that aids survival
(Ex. Hibernation or Migration)

31. NZ Bird Adaptation Sort
Due to geographical isolation, New Zealand’s bird life evolved in the absence of ground- dwelling predators.
Some birds evolved larger body size and loss of flight, as an adaptation to fly was not required to escape these ground-dwelling mammalian predators.
As a table sort the different bird adaptations into the correct column.

32. Kākāpō

33. TakahĒ

34. Kererū

35. Kiwi
Male Song

36. Tui

37. Kiwi are nocturnal birds.
Structural
Behavioural
Physiological
Birds have different shaped beaks and feet suited to the habitat they live in.
If there is thick snow cover on the ground during winter, takahē will nest in forested areas to provide shelter.
Kererū are one of the few birds to produce ‘crop milk’ – a protein-rich milky secretion from the walls of their crops to sustain their chicks.
Kiwi and takahē have vestigial wing buds, which are incapable of flight.
Kererū fledglings spend 1–2 weeks with their parents before becoming independent.
Takahē use daily torpor to survive cold temperatures overnight. Torpor requires the ability slow their heart rate and lower their body temperature.
Kiwi hatch with an internal yolk sac. This sustains the chick in its first week of life.
Kiwi are nocturnal birds.
Kiwi have fine whiskers at the base of their beak to aid their navigation in the dark.
Male kākāpō let out a ‘booming’ noise from dug-out bowls in the earth to attract a female.
sound
Kiwi have nostrils at the ends of their beaks
Many birds such as the kererū and tūī perform display dives to attract a mate.

38. Structural
Behavioural
Physiological
Kiwi plumage blends in with the undergrowth to allow them protection from predators through camouflage.
The breeding cycle of kākāpō is tightly linked with the fruiting of the rimu tree. In abundant fruiting years, more chicks are often born.
The bill of the takahē extends onto its forehead as a shield.
The kākāpō has a ‘freezing’ response to danger.
The kererū has the widest gape of any New Zealand forest bird. This enables it to swallow the large berries of native trees.
Kākāpō chew coarse plant material, ingest the juices and soft portions, and then spit out much of the indigestible fibrous residue.
The tūī has a long curved beak and a fine brush-tipped tongue that enables it to extract nectar from forest tree flowers.
Takahē are flightless. They use wings only to display during courtship or as a show of aggression.
Tūī have hollow bones and no teeth, which makes their body light for flight.