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Psychology 102 Module 41-42
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Course Instructor Dr. Haghighi
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Trait Theories Explain differences between people in terms of stable personality traits Modern day psychologists have found 5 personality dimensions that span cultures
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The 5 Factor Theory Extraversion Neuroticism Conscientiousness
Agreeableness Openness to Experience
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The 5 Factor Theory Extraversion Neuroticism Outgoing Withdrawn Stable
Unstable
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The 5 Factor Theory Agreeableness Conscientiousness Low High
Undependable Dependable
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Openness to Experience
The 5 Factor Theory Openness to Experience Closed Open
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The 5 Factor Theory Helpful in predicting general trends in behavior
Too general to predict behavior in a specific situation
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Behaviorist Theory Behavior determined by: Reward Punishment
Classical conditioning
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Social Cognitive Theory
Bandura's Reciprocal Determinism and Self-Efficacy Rotter's Locus of Control
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Reciprocal Determinism
Environment Personal Cognitive Factors Behavior
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Self-Efficacy One's perception of personal effectiveness
One of Bandura's personal/cognitive factors
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Greater effort & persistence
Self-Efficacy Belief you will do well Greater effort & persistence Success
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Belief you will do poorly
Self-Efficacy Belief you will do poorly Less effort & persistence Failure
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Belief you control your fate
Internal Locus Belief you control your fate Optimism about the future Taking action
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Belief you don’t control your fate
Internal Locus Belief you don’t control your fate Pessimism about the future Doing nothing
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Personality & Heredity
Heritability can be calculated by comparing traits of twins reared together and twins reared apart
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Heritability, Big 5 Traits
(Minnesota Study)
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Heritability, Extraversion
(Minnesota Study)
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Heritability, Neuroticism
(Minnesota Study)
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Heritability, Conscientiousness
(Minnesota Study)
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Heritability, Agreeableness
(Minnesota Study)
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Heritability, Openness
(Minnesota Study)
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Assessment Observation Interviews Rating Scales Inventories
Projective Tests
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Problems Observations, interviews, & rating scales suffer from reliability problems & the halo effect Halo Effect: Assuming that someone with one favorable trait has many others as well
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The MMPI-2 The most widely-used inventory
Consists of 567 true-false questions
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MMPI-2: Clinical Scales
Hypochondriasis(Hs): Exaggerated concern about physical health Depression (D): Distress, depression Hysteria (Hy): Physical symptoms w/ no cause Psychopathic Deviate (Pd): Disregard for moral & social standards Masculinity-Femininity (Mf): Having traditional male or female traits
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MMPI-2: Clinical Scales
Paranoia (Pa): Fear of others & suspiciousness Psychasthenia (Pt): Rigidity, tension, worry Schizophrenia (Sc): bizarre & unusual thinking Hypomania (Ma): Excitability, impulsiveness Social Introversion (S): Modesty, Shyness
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MMPI-2: Validity Scales
Cannot Say (?): Evasiveness Lying (L): Lying in order to look good Infrequency (F): Lying in order to look bad Correction (K): Defensiveness in filling out the scale
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Typical MMPI Profiles
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Typical MMPI Profiles
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Typical MMPI Profiles
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The CPI An MMPI-like test designed for normal individuals
The MMPI is more useful for clinical purposes, the CPI for normal populations
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Projective Tests The Rorschach Inkblot Test
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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The Rorschach Subject tells what each blot looks like and what aspect of the blot triggered that response
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The Rorschach Responses scored on use of parts vs. wholes, movement, content, use of color Criticized for lack of reliability, low validity (inability to predict behavior)
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The TAT Consists of 19 vague or ambiguous drawings
Person describes what is happening in each
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The TAT A TAT-like picture:
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Sentence Completion A projective test requiring completion of open-ended sentences May be more reliable than the TAT
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Magazine Quizzes “Personality” tests in popular magazines often use vague terms and rely on the the “Barnum Effect”: "Always have a little something for everybody.” (Famed circus owner P.T. Barnum) In this case, it involves having everyone's assessment be vague (so it fits) but positive (so you'll believe it)
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End of Personality Theories
Have I mentioned what a brave, generous, clever person you are?
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