1. Marlen Brito, Samantha French, Hang Fong
Chapter 10: Personality
Marlen Brito, Samantha French, Hang Fong

2. Introduction
Personality: the unique psychological qualities of an individual that influence a variety of behavior across different situations
different approaches or theories on personality
how we assess personality

3. Psychodynamic Approaches to Personality
Approaches that assume that personality is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which people have little awareness and over which they have no control.

4. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Freud’s theory that unconscious forces act as determinants of personality
unconscious: a part of the personality that the person is unaware of, but holds all the memories, knowledge, urges, etc.

5. ID, EGO, AND SUPEREGO
ID: the raw, unorganized, inborn part of personality that is the primitive urges
EGO: the part that balances the desires of the ID with reality
SUPEREGO: represents the rules of society that the person was taught, the part that controls impulses from the ID
ego: makes the decisions, controls actions based on society’s rules
superego: unrestrained would create perfectionists who cannot compromise
id: unrestrained would create primitive, pleasure seeker, selfish, and fulfill his wants without thinking of consequences

6. ID, EGO, AND SUPEREGO

7. Defense Mechanisms
Unconscious strategies that people use to reduce anxiety by distorting reality and concealing the source of the anxiety from themselves.

8. Freud’s Defense Mechanisms
Repression:
Unacceptable or unpleasant impulses are pushed back into the unconscious.

9. Freud’s Defense Mechanisms
Regression:
People behave as if they were at an earlier stage of development.

10. Freud’s Defense Mechanisms
Displacement: The expression of an unwanted feeling or thought is redirected from a more threatening powerful person to a weaker one.

11. Freud’s Defense Mechanisms
Rationalization:
People provide self-justifying explanations in place of the actual, but threatening, reason for their behavior.

12. Freud’s Defense Mechanisms
Denial:
People refuse to accept or acknowledge an anxiety-producing piece of information.

13. Freud’s Defense Mechanisms
Projection:
People attribute unwanted impulses and feelings to someone else.

14. Freud’s Defense Mechanisms
Sublimation:
People divert unwanted impulses into socially approved thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.

15. Freud’s Defense Mechanisms
Reaction formation:
Unconscious impulses are expressed as their opposite in consciousness.

16. The Psychosexual Stages Freud’s Theory on personality
Developmental stages that people went through as children.
During those stages, the children encounter conflicts between the demands of society and their own sexual urges.
5 Stages:
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital
fixations:
Conflicts or concerns that persist beyond the developmental period in which they first occur.

17. The Psychosexual Stages

18. The Psychosexual Stages

19. Evaluating Freud’s Legacy
Although Freudian theory is popular, critics argue there is a lack of scientific evidence.
Based observations on limited population

20. Neo-Freudian Psychoanalysts
Carl Jung-rejected Freud’s view of unconscious sexual urges
Collective unconscious- a common set of ideas, feelings, images, and symbols that we inherit from our ancestors Ex. love of mother, fear of snakes
Archetypes-universal symbolic representations
Ex. Good vs Evil, Virgin Mary, the wicked stepmother

21. Neo-Freudian Psychoanalyst
Karen Horney- first feminist psychologist
Alfred Adler- proposed that primary human motivation is striving for superiority in self improvement and perfection
inferiority complex

22. Trait Approaches: Placing Labels on Personality
Trait theory- A model of personality that seeks to identify the basic traits necessary to describe personality.
Trait-Consistent personality characteristics and behaviors displayed in different situations.

23. Allport's Trait Theory
There are three fundamental categories of traits: cardinal, central, and secondary.

24. Cardinal
This is a single characteristic that directs most of a person's activities. This is a dominant trait.

25. Central
A general characteristic found in some degree in every person. There are usually in every person.

26. Secondary
Characteristics that affect behavior in fewer situations and are less influential than the other two traits.

27. The Big Five “OCEAN” -Openness to experience -Conscientiousness
-Extraversion
-Agreeableness
-Neuroticism

28. Video

29. Learning Approaches: We are What We’ve Learned
Social Cognitive Approaches to Personality- Theories that emphasize the influence of a person’s cognitions.
Self Efficacy-The belief that we have the personal capabilities to master a situation and produce positive outcomes.

30. Skinner’s Behaviorist Approach
Skinner believed that personality is a collection of learned behavior patterns.

31. Self-Esteem
Self-esteem is the component of personality that impacts our positive and negative self-evaluations.

32. Biological and Evolutionary Approaches: Are we Born with Personality?
Biological and evolutionary approaches suggest that important components of personality are inherited.
Temperament- An inborn behavioral style and characteristic way of responding that emerges early in life.

33. Video

34. Are we Born with Personality?
We are born with certain temperaments which is a behavioral style. Our genes interact with our environment, though genes can not be viewed as the sole purpose of personality. It is clear that some traits have genetic components but still does not determine personality.

35. Humanistic Approaches: The Uniqueness of You
Humanistic Approaches to Personality- Theories that emphasize people’s innate goodness.
Self-Actualization-A state of self fulfilment. (Also seen on the top of the pyramid).
Unconditional Positive Regard-An attitude of acceptance and respect no matter what.

37. Comparing Approaches to Personality
Each of these theories are built of different assumptions. Therefore, there is no theory that provides the best explanation; it is all based on perspective.

38. How do we assess personality?
Psychological tests: standard measures devised to assess behavior objectively
Must have reliability and validity
Based on norms

39. Self-Report Measures
Method of gathering data about people by asking questions about a sample of their behavior
Ex. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2)

40. Projective Methods
Projective personality test: a person is shown an ambiguous stimulus asked to describe or tell a story.
Ex. Rorschach Test

41. What do you see?

42. Behavioral Assessment
Direct measures of an individuals behavior used to describe personality characteristics
Based on observational research
Can be done in natural setting or under lab controlled conditions

43. Conclusion
Many theories regarding personality from psychodynamic to trait theories.
Theories based on different perspectives
Many ways to analyze personality and behavior

44. Citations
Feldman, Robert S. "Chapter 10 Personality." Essentials of Understanding Psychology. Boston: McGraw-Hill,
Print.
Freud's Id, Ego, and Superego. Perf. Robosalt. Youtube. N.p., 20 Aug Web. 4 Apr
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Freud's Psychosexual Stages. Perf. Ckgribben. Youtube, 13 Feb Web. 8 Apr
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Simply Psychology: Oedipus Complex. Perf. PsychandSound. Youtube. N.p., 11 Oct Web. 4 Apr
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Twins: Is It All in the Genes? Perf. Lisa Ling, Oprah Winfrey. OWN TV, 13 Nov Web. 8 Apr
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