1. EVOLUTION PATTERNS

2. Horse Evolution

3. Evidence of Evolution Fossil record Homologous structures
Vestigial structures
Molecular biology
Comparative embryology
Artificial Selection
Peppered Moths
Antibiotic Resistance

4. Modern Example: Antibiotic Resistance

5. Trends/Patterns of Selection
Original bell curve of population:

7. Directional Selection
Example: elephant trunk length

8. Stabilizing Selection
Example: human birth weight

9. Disruptive selection
Example: rabbit fur color on black & white stones, black, white, grey

10. Frequency-dependent Selection
Sexual Selection

11. DIVERGENT EVOLUTION
Polar bear
Brown bear

12. Species definition: two organisms that can mate and produce fertile offspring

13. CONVERGENT EVOLUTION
shark
dolphin tuna
Counter shading fusiform shape

14. CONVERGENT EVOLUTION Australian marsupials vs. American placentals
Coyote, groundhog, spiny anteater
Tasmanian devel, wombat, banded anteater

15. Biogeography: Wallace’s Line

16. SPECIATION: allopatric sympatric

17. Bottleneck Effect

18. Founder Effect

19. Speciation mechanisms
Gradualism
Puntuated Equilibrium

20. ADAPTIVE RADIATION
Hawaiian honey creepers
Darwin’s Finches

21. Artificial Selection

22. Hybrid Vigor (aka heterozygous advantage)

23. WARNING COLORATION aposematic coloring

24. MULLERIAN MIMICRY
WASP

25. BATESIAN MIMICRY
Monarch Viceroy
Coral snake and California king snake
Now thought to be
Mullerian mimicry
“Red touch yellow, kill a fellow. Red touch black, venom lack”

26. BATESIAN MIMICRY

27. CAMOUFLAGE

28. CAMOUFLAGE

29. DISRUPTIVE COLORATION

30. EYESPOTS/STARTLE

31. COEVOLUTION
Rufous hummingbird & flower

32. Symbiotic: mutualistic
Cleaner fish
Clown fish and sea anemone
Algae & fungi = lichen
Bacteria in root nodules of legume

33. Symbiotic: mutualistic
Ants & acacia trees
Aphids & ants
Oxpecker bird and ox

34. Symbiotic: parasitic
tapeworm
Strangler fig
mistletoe

35. Symbiotic: commensalism
Remoras and shark
Barnacles on whale
Sponge on scallop

36. EVOLUTION PATTERNS Revu
Disruptive, Stabilizing, Directional Selection, Sexual, Frequency dependnt
Divergent vs Convergent evolution
Allopatric vs Sympatric speciation
Gradualism vs Punctuated Equilibrium
Adaptive Radiation
Artificial Selection
Mimicry and Camouflage
Coevolution and Symbiosis