SS – BIOLOGY How old is the Earth?

SS – BIOLOGY How old is the Earth?
The History of Life SS – BIOLOGY -write the date -write the question -write your answer How old is the Earth? Make the best guess you can if you don’t know. How do we know? What evidence is there of this? How did science answer this question? A B C D FQ 5

Evidence of Change & Origins of Life Chapter 14
History of LIFE Evidence of Change & Origins of Life Chapter 14 Geological Time Scale

Earth’s Early History: Geologic Time Scale – evidences ? –
Also an example of why/how geology and biology are used to further each other as sciences Living things have altered the earth's oceans, land surfaces, and atmosphere. For example: photosynthetic organisms are responsible for the oxygen that makes up about a fifth of the earth's atmosphere. The rapid accumulation of atmospheric oxygen about 2 billion years ago led to the evolution of more structured eukaryotic cells, which in turn gave rise to multicellular plants and animals.

Some words… to box up time
Eon Era Period Epoch Age The largest defined unit of time is the supereon, composed of eons. Eons are divided into eras, which are in turn divided into periods, epochs and ages. The terms eonothem, erathem, system, series, and stage are used to refer to the layers of rock that correspond to these periods of geologic time in Earth's history.

The Geologic Time Scale
The History of Life The Geologic Time Scale The geological time scale is a model that expresses the major geological and biological events in Earth’s history. The geologic time scale is divided into the Precambrian time and the Phanerozoic eon. Eras of the Phanerozoic eon include the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras. Each era is divided into one or more periods.

The Phanerozoic Eon spans 542 million years and is typically subdivided into three eras:
Paleozoic Era: 542 to 251 million years ago. Mesozoic Era: 251 to 65 million years ago. Cenozoic Era: 65 million years ago to present.

Autotrophic prokaryotes enriched the atmosphere with oxygen.
The History of Life Precambrian Nearly 90 percent of Earth’s entire history, stretching from the formation of Earth to the beginning of the Paleozoic era about 542 million years ago Autotrophic prokaryotes enriched the atmosphere with oxygen.

The first tetrapods emerged in the Devonian.
The History of Life The Paleozoic Era The ancestors of most major animal groups diversified in what scientists call the Cambrian explosion. Life in the oceans continued to evolve at the end of the Cambrian period. Fish, land plants, and insects appeared during the Ordovician and Silurian periods. The first tetrapods emerged in the Devonian.

Between 60 and 75 percent of the species alive went extinct.
The History of Life A mass extinction ended the Paleozoic era at the end of the Permian period. Between 60 and 75 percent of the species alive went extinct.

About 65 million years ago, a meteorite struck Earth.
The History of Life The Mesozoic Era Mammals and dinosaurs first appeared late in the Triassic period, and flowering plants evolved from nonflowering plants. Birds evolved from a group of predatory dinosaurs in the middle of the Jurassic period. About 65 million years ago, a meteorite struck Earth.

Mammals became the dominant land animals.
The History of Life The Cenozoic Era Mammals became the dominant land animals. After the mass extinction at the end of the Mesozoic era, mammals of all kinds began to diversify.

MESOZOIC CENOZOIC

Phanerozoic Eon

Precambrian Time Precursor to the Phanerozoic Eon -Paleozoic Era
Ordovician M. Ex Silurian Devonian Carboniferous Permian 1 -Mesozoic Era Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous M. Ex. -Cenozoic Era Paleogene Neogene

Phanerozoic Eon The geologic time scale is divided into the Precambrian time and the Phanerozoic eon. Eras of the Phanerozoic eon include the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras.

Paleozoic Era Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous M. Ex.
Precambrian = Precursor to the Phanerozoic Eon -Paleozoic Era Cambrian Ordovician M. Ex Silurian Devonian Carboniferous Permian -Mesozoic Era Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous M. Ex. -Cenozoic Era Paleogene Neogene

Cambrian Period

Ordovician period #1 MASS EXTINCTION

Silurian

Devonian #2 MASS EXTINCTION

Carboniferous period

Permian period #3 MASS EXTINCTION

Mesozoic Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous M. Ex.
Precambrian = Precursor to the Phanerozoic Eon -Paleozoic Era Cambrian Ordovician M. Ex Silurian Devonian M. Ex ??? Carboniferous Permian -Mesozoic Era Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous M. Ex. -Cenozoic Era Paleogene Neogene

Triassic Period #4 MASS EXTINCTION

TIME - 135MYA, Late Jurassic

Cretaceous period

TIME - 76 - 68 MYA, Late Cretaceous period.
#5 MASS EXTINCTION

Cenozoic Era Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous M. Ex.
Precambrian = Precursor to the Phanerozoic Eon -Paleozoic Era Cambrian Ordovician M. Ex Silurian Devonian Carboniferous Permian -Mesozoic Era Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous M. Ex. -Cenozoic Era Paleogene Neogene -Cenozoic Era Paleogene Paleocene Eocene Oligocene Neogene Miocene Pliocene Pleistocene Holocene

Oligocene Epoch

Pleistocene Epoch

Pleistocene

Geological Timeline Using receipt paper make a geological timeline.
HINT  Following instructions requires you to read them all the way through. Using receipt paper make a geological timeline. In Groups of 4 students Complete the handout Avoid COMMON ERRORs in scaling… Scaling…. MYA = Million Years Ago 50 MYA = 0.05 Billion Years Ago (BYA) = 5 cm 200 MYA = 0.2 BYA = 0.20 m = 20 cm 10 MYA = 0.01 BYA = 0.01 m = 1 cm 1000 MYA = 1 BYA = 1 m = 100 cm 4600 MYA = 4.6 BYA = ?_____? m *Clarification: Data Table Kingdoms -- fill out table *(Use Table on pg. 502) -- place all pictures on timeline in their correct place

Geological Timeline COMMON ERROR 5th Extinction NOT on the table:
Scaling…. MYA = Million Years Ago 50 MYA = 0.05 Billion Years Ago (BYA) = 5 cm 200 MYA = 0.2 BYA = 0.20 m = 20 cm 4600 MYA = 4.6 BYA = ?_____? m 5th Extinction NOT on the table: The Triassic–Jurassic extinction event marks the boundary between the Triassic and Jurassic periods, 201.3 million years ago,[1] and is one of the major extinction events of the Phanerozoic eon, profoundly affecting life on land and in the oceans. In the seas, a whole class (conodonts) and 34% of marine genera disappeared. On land, all pseudosuchians (non- dinosaurian archosaurs) other than crocodylomorphs (Sphenosuchia and Crocodyliformes), some remaining therapsids, and many of the large amphibians became extinct. HINT  Following instructions requires you to read them all the way through. *Clarification: Table – only 8 spaces and many pictures -- fill out table *(Use Table on pg. 502) -- place all pictures on timeline in their place

Exploratory Lab: Making a Timeline of Life on Earth
#1 Analyze – a new scale – 25 segments…24 hours 0000 = 5 BYA is 24 hours ago; today is 2400 1 segment = 20 cm = 200 million years = 1 hour How many hours since the earth formed (4600 MYA)? Now answer 1 a. – 1 c. #5 (Time Humans have existed) divided by X 100 = % of time (Time that life has existed)

Scaling…. MYA = Million Years Ago
Avoid COMMON ERRORs in scaling… Scaling…. MYA = Million Years Ago 50 MYA = 0.05 Billion Years Ago (BYA) = 5 cm 200 MYA = 0.2 BYA = 0.20 m = 20 cm 10 MYA = 0.01 BYA = 0.01 m = 1 cm 1000 MYA = 1 BYA = 1 m = 100 cm 4600 MYA = 4.6 BYA = ?_____? m

Timelines…What’s the point?
Geological Timescale = Evolutionary Timeline Have you realized how loooooooooooong the evolutionary timescale is? How long did it take for single cell organisms to evolve into multicellular organisms? How long have mammals been around?

Use what you already know…MATCH THEM UP!
The History of Life Use what you already know…MATCH THEM UP!

Chapter 14 The History of Life Fossils = Evidence of Change Which layers are oldest? Newest? Dating fossils Relative dating is a method used to determine the age of rocks by comparing them with those in other layers.

Fig. 13-4g

Radiometric Dating Watch this…it’s GOOD!
How we know how old the earth is? Video – 3:19 The age of the Earth is 4.54 ± 0.05 billion years (4.54 × 109 years ± 1%). This dating is based on evidence from radiometric age dating of meteorite material and is consistent with the radiometric ages of the oldest-known terrestrial and lunar samples.

Uses the decay of radioactive isotopes to measure the age of a rock
The History of Life Radiometric Dating Uses the decay of radioactive isotopes to measure the age of a rock LIMITATION… Radioactive isotopes that can be used for radiometric dating are found only in igneous or metamorphic rocks.

Origin of Life? Darwin’s Book: On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. Darwin did not address the question of the Origin of Life…only the origin of species.

Spontaneous Generation…?

Francis Redi - 1668 Lewis Pasteur – 1850s
In 1668, Francesco Redi, an Italian physician, did an experiment with flies and wide-mouth jars containing meat. This was a true scientific experiment — many people say this was the first realexperiment Spontaneous Generation Replaced by Theory of Biogenesis: Life comes from life…

Simple Organic Molecules…a possible first step towards life.
1953 –Miller-Urey *Formed an amino acid in simulated pre-cambrian earth conditions = Primordial Soup Possible AA Protein Hypothesis =-Amino-acids bound to clay The Miller–Urey experiment (or Miller experiment) was a chemical experiment that simulated the conditions thought at the time to be present on the early Earth, and tested the chemical origin of life under those conditions. The experiment confirmed Alexander Oparin's and J. B. S. Haldane's hypothesis that putative conditions on the primitive Earth favoured chemical reactions that synthesized more complex organic compounds from simpler inorganic precursors. Other theories? - meteors brought the first life form - Formation of complex molecules on crystals???

“Expelled” - Ben Stein Origins of Life Segment 4 min.
Mr. Hill’s opinion: Science should not be threatened by the very real “We don’t know yet” answer.

First Cells… 3.5 billion years ago
Cyanobacteria – primitive photosynthesizing prokaryotes Stromatolites The cyanobacteria have an extensive fossil record. The oldest known fossils, in fact, are cyanobacteria from Archaean rocks of western Australia, dated 3.5 billion years old. This may be somewhat surprising, since the oldest rocks are only a little older: 3.8 billion years old! A stromatolite (literally, 'layered rock') is a solid structure created by single-celled microbes called cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). The cyanobacteria form colonies and trap sediment with their sticky surface coatings. The trapped sediment reacts to calcium carbonate in the water to form limestone. Stromatolites are laminated fossils formed by blue-green algae and sediment. Sediment sticks to the surface of the living algae, forming a crust. In turn, the algae grows through the sediment to form a new layer of living matter. A new film of sediment sticks to the algae and so on. The resulting structure looks like a mound. In cross section, each layer can be seen. Stromatolites are the most abundant fossils known from the Precambrian. They are less common in the Paleozoic, perhaps because snail-like predators began to graze on the algae. Geologic Range: Archean to Recent

The Move: Prokaryotes  Eukaryotes
1.8 billion years ago *Take an evolutionary perspective: 1. What are the main differences between pro- and Eu- ? 2. Are they advantageous? How? (Increase fitness) 3. How did these evolve? Hypotheses? N C M N = Nucleus C = Chloroplasts M = Mitochondria

Membrane Infolding Theory

Lynn Margulis 1966 Endosymbiont Theory 4.5 Min. - mtDNA

Review/Summary of Cellular Evolution

Study / Review Links Life Begins: Crash Course Big History #4 – this chapter’s content from a HISTORY perspective. (14 minutes) The History of Life on Earth - Crash Course Ecology #1 - – this chapter’s content from an ECOLOGY perspective. (14 minutes) Textbook Ch 14 Study Guide Answers Quizlet Terms/Concepts from CH 14 Practice

SS – BIOLOGY How old is the Earth?
The History of Life SS – BIOLOGY -write the date -write the question -write your answer How old is the Earth? Make the best guess you can if you don’t know. How do we know? What evidence is there of this? How did science answer this question? A B C D FQ 5

SS – BIO Bonus: 1. 2. Which is the OLDEST?
The _________ was an era dominated by the dinosaurs A. Paleozoic B. Mesozoic C. Precambrian D. Cenozoic A is youngest D is oldest

SS – BIO Do you find it so hard to say no that you often end up doing things you really don’t want to? Why or why not? A is youngest D is oldest

SS – BIO If you knew there was no chance to fail, what job would you choose? A is youngest D is oldest

SS – BIO A ___?____ is any preserved evidence of an organism.
A is youngest D is oldest

What gas do scientists think was absent from Earth’s early atmosphere?
The History of Life SmartSTARTER What gas do scientists think was absent from Earth’s early atmosphere? sulfur nitrogen oxygen water vapor A B C D CDQ 2

The History of Life SS – BIO According to the endosymbiont theory, what may have happened to a prokaryotic cell that entered a host cell? It was digested by the host cell. It became an organelle in the host cell. It became a harmful parasite in the host cell. It was removed from the host cell by exocytosis. A B C D FQ 5

Formative Assessment 15 Questions….

Which is an example of the theory of spontaneous generation?
Chapter 14 The History of Life Chapter Diagnostic Questions Which is an example of the theory of spontaneous generation? Tadpoles become frogs. A starfish can grow from a severed arm. Damp hay and corn create mice. From a tiny acorn, an oak can grow. A B C D CDQ 1

What gas do scientists think was absent from Earth’s early atmosphere?
Chapter 14 The History of Life Chapter Diagnostic Questions What gas do scientists think was absent from Earth’s early atmosphere? sulfur nitrogen oxygen water vapor A B C D CDQ 2

In which period did the first land vertebrates appear?
Chapter 14 The History of Life Chapter Diagnostic Questions In which period did the first land vertebrates appear? Cambrian Devonian Triassic Mesozoic A B C D CDQ 3

In which type of rock do paleontologists search for fossils?
Chapter 14 The History of Life 14.1 Formative Questions In which type of rock do paleontologists search for fossils? igneous metamorphic sedimentary volcanic A B C D FQ 1

Which dating method determines the age of
Chapter 14 The History of Life 14.1 Formative Questions Which dating method determines the age of rocks by comparing them to rocks in other layers? absolute dating geological dating relative dating sedimentary dating A B C D FQ 2

Chapter 14 The History of Life 14.1 Formative Questions Which geological change during the Mesozoic era had the greatest effect in shaping the course of evolution? plate tectonics extensive glaciation increased volcanic activity meteorite impact A B C D FQ 3

primordial generation spontaneous generation
Chapter 14 The History of Life 14.2 Formative Questions At one time people believed that mold growing on a piece of cheese was created by the cheese. This is the idea of _________. biogenesis transgenesis primordial generation spontaneous generation A B C D FQ 4

Chapter 14 The History of Life 14.2 Formative Questions According to the endosymbiont theory, what may have happened to a prokaryotic cell that entered a host cell? It was digested by the host cell. It became an organelle in the host cell. It became a harmful parasite in the host cell. It was removed from the host cell by exocytosis. A B C D FQ 5

An ancient prokaryote containing photosynthetic
Chapter 14 The History of Life 14.2 Formative Questions An ancient prokaryote containing photosynthetic pigments that was engulfed by a host cell may have become a _________. chloroplast lysosome centriole ribosome A B C D FQ 6

Which is the half-life of the radioactive isotope shown in the graph?
Chapter 14 The History of Life Chapter Assessment Questions Which is the half-life of the radioactive isotope shown in the graph? 18 years 36 years 54 years 72 years A B C D CAQ 1

Study the graph. Determine the age of a rock if it contained 40% C-14.
Chapter 14 The History of Life Chapter Assessment Questions Study the graph. Determine the age of a rock if it contained 40% C-14. 2,857.5 years 7,576 years 11,460 years 5,730 years A B C D CAQ 2

Chapter 14 The History of Life Standardized Test Practice Which factor made it unlikely that life existed on Earth 4 billion years ago? absence of oxygen absence of food intense heat intense sunlight A B C D STP 1

For which fossil might a paleontologist most
Chapter 14 The History of Life Standardized Test Practice For which fossil might a paleontologist most likely use carbon-14 to determine its age? fossilized microbes in volcanic rock dinosaur footprints found in sedimentary rock marine fossils found in a deep sedimentary layer a woolly mammoth frozen in a glacier since the last Ice Age A B C D STP 2

Beryllium-10 (Be-10) has a half life of about
Chapter 14 The History of Life Standardized Test Practice Beryllium-10 (Be-10) has a half life of about 1.5 million years. If a sample is analyzed and determined to contain ¼ of the original Be-10, what is the age of the sample? 750,000 years 3 million years 4.5 million years 6 million years A B C D STP 3

Which provides the best evidence that a
Chapter 14 The History of Life Standardized Test Practice Which provides the best evidence that a meteorite struck the earth 65 million years ago? a large crater that was found a layer containing high levels of iridium the sudden appearance of mammals the sudden disappearance of dinosaurs A B C D STP 4

Standardized Test Practice
Chapter 14 The History of Life Standardized Test Practice In this experiment using water and the gases to simulate Earth’s early atmosphere, which was not one of the final products? amino acids nucleotides RNA molecules sugar molecules A B C D STP 5

Chapter 14 The History of Life Standardized Test Practice Why do scientists believe that archea are the closest relatives to Earth’s first cells? They are eukaryotes. They contain DNA. They carry out photosynthesis. They live in extreme environments. A B C D STP 6

SS – BIOLOGY How old is the Earth?

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