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Composition of Blood
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Erythrocytes Most abundant cell in the body
Number of circulating RBCs in peripheral venous blood Derived from erthroblasts Survive 120 days/Bioconcave RBC values vary according to gender and age Women lower, tend to decrease with age Decreased by more than 10% = anemia Primary function: tissue oxygenation
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Erythrocyte indices Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
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MCV Mean volume of all the erythrocytes counted in the sample
MCV low = microcytic Norm MCV = normocytic MCV high = macrocytic
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Normocytic Iron deficiency (detected early) Chronic illness
Acute blood loss Aplastic anemia Acquired hemolytic anemia (from a prosthetic cardiac valve)
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Microcytic Iron deficiency (detected late) Thalassemia Lead poisoning
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Macrocytic Vitamin B 12 or folic acid deficiency Chemotherapy
Myeloid leukemia Ethanol toxicity Thyroid dysfunction
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MCH Measure of the average amount of weight of hemoglobin within an RBC Macrocytic anemias: the MCHC is increased if the size of the RBC is large Microcytic anemia, hypochromic anemia: the MCH is decreased if the size of the RBC is small of the hemoglobin is diminished
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MCHC Mean concentration of hemoglobin in the red cell. Since whole blood is about one-half cells by volume, and all the hemoglobin is confined to the cells, you would correctly expect the MCHC to be roughly twice the value of hemoglobin in whole blood
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White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
Granulocytes Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil Mast cells Agranulocytes Monocyte Lymphocyte
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Neutrophil Circulate for about 8 hours before proceeding to the tissues, where they live for about a week Most numerous, 55% Produced as a response to acute body stress Infection Infarction Trauma Emotional distress Phagocytosis invaders Foreign cells Toxins Viruses
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Neutrophils.. Found near sites of infection or injury where they will stick to the walls of the blood vessels and engulf any foreign particles that try to enter the bloodstream Found in the pus of wounds Band neutrophils Indicator of acute stress Segmented neutrophils Most mature type
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Eosinophil Derived from different stem cells
Hallmark = presence of bright orange large granules Ameboid movement = phagocytosis Seen at sites: Invasive parasitic infestations Allergic (immediate hypersensitivity) response (IgE) Critical function: Inactive slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis Neutralize histamine Inhibit mast cell degranulation
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Mast Cells Central cell in inflammation
Found in vascularized connective tissue
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Basophils Large deep purple granules Precise function not understood
Contain histamines (causes vasodilation) Heparin (anticoagulant) High number of these cells: Hemolytic anemia Chicken pox
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Lymphocytes In the immune/inflammatory response:
Neutrophils and monocytes are the brutes Major cells of immune system Lymphocytes are the brains “bubble-boy” T-lymphocytes: Act against virus infected cells and tumor cells AIDS keep a careful watch on their T-cell level, an indicator of the AIDs virus’ activity B-lymphocytes: Produce antibodies
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Natural Killer Natural killer (NK) cells
Kill tumor cells and virally infected cells Procedure cytokines involved in immune responses
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Monocyte Largest of the leukocytes
Phagocytic and defend the body against viruses and bacteria Elevated cell count: Malaria Endocarditis Typhoid fever Rocky Mountain spotted fever
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Thrombocytes Platelets Disk-shaped cytoplasmic fragments
Formed by fragmentation of megakaryocytes Secrete a hormone called serotonin which constricts torn blood vessels Essential for blood coagulation and control of bleeding Live 10 days and then removed by spleen
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