1. (a multimedia presentation) By Ms Behjat Jami

2. IMPORTANT TERMS - I
Avalanche : A huge mass of snow that moves down the slope.
Bar: Alluvial terrace an old flood plain fairly high to active flood plain.
Bet: Active flood plain.
Doab / Interfluves: Land between two rivers.
Dhand: Small salt lake.
Khaddar: Fresh Alluvium.
Karez : Irrigation Method used in Balochistan which consists of a water- tunnel or a narrow under ground canal.
Landslide: landslide is the movement of rocks and soil down the mountain slopes.
Mountain: A raised part of the earth with a peak ,steep slope attaining over meters height than a hill.
Range : A group of mountains is called a range.
Ms Behjat Jami

3. IMPORTANT TERMS - II Plateau: An area of fairly level high ground.
Plain: A flat land with fertile soils used to grow crops.
Topography: The arrangement of the natural and artificial features of an area.
The synonyms of topography are land forms/ physical features/ physiography and configuration of earth surface.
Relief: The specific forms of a physical feature.
Climate: the generalization of the all atmospheric conditions prevailing in any area for last 30 years.
Economic activities: All activities which are carried out to produce something.
Ms Behjat Jami

4. (A multimedia presentation)
NATURAL TOPOGRAPHY
&
DRAINAGE
(A multimedia presentation)
Ms Behjat Jami

5. Geographical Terms
Topography: the study of surface of earth is called topography (mountains, rivers, deserts, forests etc.)
Drainage: the natural flow of water on earth surface is called drainage (river, stream & waterfalls etc.)
Ms Behjat Jami

6. Geographical Terms
Relief features: topographic features or shape of the surface of a particular areas or land e.g. Potwar plateau or the Northern mountains
Alluvium: the fine sand and minerals which come with river water due to soil erosion are called alluvium
Ms Behjat Jami

7. Geographical Terms
Piedmont plain: the foot hill area of a mountain is called piedmont plain
Plateau: the little high flat land above the normal level of land is called a plateau
Ms Behjat Jami

8. Geographical Terms
Delta: a small ‘V’ shaped sediment island on a river mouth is called delta
Pass: a passage or land route among mountains is called a Pass
Ms Behjat Jami

9. Geographical Terms
Doab (Interfluves) : the land b/w two rivers is called Doab or interfluves
Bar upland: the high land on a Doab is called Bar upland
Alluvial terrace: the Bar upland is also called as Alluvial terrace
Ms Behjat Jami

10. PHYSICAL
REGIONS
Ms Behjat Jami

11. PHYSICAL REGIONS Northern Mountains Western Mountains Indus Plains
Coastal Plain
Deserts
Plateaus
Ms Behjat Jami

12. Ms Behjat Jami

13. Northern
Mountains
Ms Behjat Jami

14. Northern Mountains Karakoram Range (extreme North East)
Central Himalayas (parallel to Karakoram range)
Outer Himalayas (parallel to Central Himalayas)
Siwalik Range (parallel to Outer Himalayas )
Ms Behjat Jami

15. Northern Mountains Hindu Kush Range (extreme North West)
Dir Range (N-S. East of Safed Koh Range)
Swat Range (N-S… parallel to Dir Range )
Kohistan Range (N-S.. parallel to Swat Range )
Ms Behjat Jami

16. PEAKS Peak Range Height (m) K-2 Karakoram 8611 2 Tirich Mir Hindu Kush
S. No
Peak
Range
Height (m) 1
K-2
Karakoram
8611 2
Tirich Mir
Hindu Kush
7690 3
Nanga Parbat
Central Himalayas
8126 4
Murkushi
5833
Ms Behjat Jami

17. PASSES Pass Range Height (m) Khunjerab K.K 4733 2 Babusar C.H 4173 3
S . No
Pass
Range
Height (m) 1
Khunjerab
K.K
4733 2
Babusar
C.H
4173 3
Dorah
H.K
4554 4
Karakoram
5575
Ms Behjat Jami

18. GLACIERS GLACIER Range Length (Km) Siachin K.K 78 2 Biafo 62 3 Baltoro
S . No
GLACIER
Range
Length (Km) 1
Siachin
K.K 78 2
Biafo 62 3
Baltoro 58 4
Batura 59 5
Sakiz Jarab
H.K 32
Ms Behjat Jami

19.    An Arial view of the Himalayas
Ms Behjat Jami

20. Glaciers in Karakoram Range
Ice
River
Glaciers in Karakoram Range  
Ms Behjat Jami

21. KARAKORAM RANGE
Glacier Formation
Ms Behjat Jami

22. Godwin Austin  
K-2
Ms Behjat Jami

23. Left to right: Gasherbrum IV, V, VI & VII
Gasherbrum Peaks
  Left to right: Gasherbrum IV, V, VI & VII
                       
Ms Behjat Jami

24. Rakaposhi 
Height: 7,788 m 
(Himalayas)
                        
Ms Behjat Jami

25. Snow capped Range
Snow Line
Ms Behjat Jami

26. Muztagh Tower Height: 7,273 m
Hindu Kush
Ms Behjat Jami

27. PHYSICAL FEATURES Snow capped; high rise peaks
Big glaciers among ranges
Source of rivers in subcontinent
Mountains passes & gorges
Foothill valleys (lakes & W. Falls)
Rain shadow area
Scarce vegetation
Ms Behjat Jami

28. CLIMATIC FEATURES Temperature remains low
Harsh winter with heavy snowfall
Short summer with moderate rainfall
Sun shines everyday except rainy days
Cool air moves slow
Ms Behjat Jami

29. Western
Mountains
Ms Behjat Jami

30. Western Mountains
All mountains in western, central and south NWFP come under this category
All mountains in Baluchistan come under this category
Important mountain Ranges:
Safed Koh Range (above Khyber pass)
Ms Behjat Jami

31. Western Mountains Waziristan Hills (S-W… NWFP)
Sulaiman Range (border b/w P & NWFP)
Kirthar Range (border b/w Sindh & Balochistan)
Toba Kakar Range (N-W Balochistan)
Siahan Range (Central Balochistan)
Ms Behjat Jami

32. Western Mountains Central Makran Range (Central Baluchistan)
Coastal Makran Range (coastal Baluchistan)
Central Bruhi Range (Central Baluchistan)
Pub Range (S-E Baluchistan)
Hala Range (S-E Balochistan)
Ms Behjat Jami

33. PEAKS (W.M) S.No Peak Range Height (m) 1 Sikeram Safed Koh 4760 2
Takht-e-Sulaiman
Sulaiman
3383 3
Kutto-jo-Qabar
Kirthar
2097 4
Ras Koh
3004
Ms Behjat Jami

34. PASSES S.No Pass Range Height (m) Khyber Safed Koh 1067 6 Bolan5
Khyber
Safed Koh
1067 6
Bolan
Sulaiman
989 7
Khojak
Toba Kakar
1312 8
Gomal
Waziristan
700 9
Tochi
580
Ms Behjat Jami

35. PHYSICAL FEATURES Medium height mountains Barren land and Badland
Water is scarce
Seasonal Rivers
Scattered vegetation
Natural passes
Parallel ranges
Ms Behjat Jami

36. BADLAND
Ms Behjat Jami

37. CLIMATIC FEATURES Long summer with high temperature Weather extremes
Short and cold winter
Rainfall in Summer & winter due to both Monsoon and Western Depression
Ms Behjat Jami

38. INDUS
PLAINS
Ms Behjat Jami

39. INDUS PLAINS
The plain area which comes under the effect of the river Indus and its eastern tributaries is called ‘Indus plain’ or ‘Indus Basin’
The Indus plain starts from South of ‘Himalayas’ and spread over Punjab & Sindh down to Arabian sea
Ms Behjat Jami

40. Start of Lower Indus Plain
KEY
Sindh Sagar Doab
Chaj Doab
Rachna Doab
Bari Doab
Start of
Lower Indus Plain
Ms Behjat Jami

41. Eastern Tributaries Jhelum River Chenab River Ravi River Sutlej River
Beas River (India)
Ms Behjat Jami

42. THE INDUS PLAIN
Start of
Lower Indus Plain
Ms Behjat Jami

43. INTERFLUVES (DOAB) Sind Sagar Doab (b/w Indus & Jhelum)
Chaj Doab (b/w Jhelum & Chenab)
Rachna Doab (b/w Chenab & Ravi)
Bari Doab (b/w Ravi & Sutluj)
Ms Behjat Jami

44. INTERFLUVES (DOAB)
CONFLUENCE
Ms Behjat Jami

45. Alluvial Terrace ( Bar Upland)
Kirana Bar in Chaj Doab
Sandal Bar in Rachna Doab
Ganji Bar in upper Bari Doab
Nili Bar in lower Bari Doab
Ms Behjat Jami

46. Physical Features The length of the river Indus in Pakistan is 2900Km
Lake Mansrowar is the origin of the Indus in Tibet China
Indus passes through world highest mountainous region
The Indus Enters in plain areas at Kalabagh
Ms Behjat Jami

47. Physical Features
Indus plains are highly fertile land with plenty of water
East of Slaiman-Kirthar range is the piedmont plain
Sindh Sagar Doab (Thal desert) is in the East of Indus
All Doabs have Bar uplands
Bari Doab have two Bar uplands
Ms Behjat Jami

48. Drainage River Jhelum joins river Chenab near Jhang
River Ravi joins river Chenab near Shorkot
River Sutluj joins river Ravi near Alipur
Soan river in Potwar plateau joins the river Indus at Attock
Ms Behjat Jami

49. Drainage
Water of all rivers come in one river called Punjnad River at Panjnad
Punjnad river joins Indus at Mitthan Kot and enters in Sindh
In lower plain the Indus river passes through wide plain area up to the Arabian sea
Ms Behjat Jami

50. INDUS
DELTA
Ms Behjat Jami

51. INDUS DELTA
A delta is formed at river mouth due to sedimentation process done by the river
Sand and silt which come with the river water settle in the sea bed; slowly a small island comes out of the surface of the sea is called Delta
Ms Behjat Jami

52. INDUS DELTA  
ARABIAN SEA
The
Indus
Ms Behjat Jami

53. Physical Features It is a marsh land or wetland
INDUS DELTA
Physical Features
It is a marsh land or wetland
It has great mangrove forest on the whole length of the Sindh coast
It has many fish harbors and small ports like Keti Bandar & Shah Bandar
Ms Behjat Jami

54. DESERTS
Ms Behjat Jami

55. DESERTS IN PAKISTAN Pakistan has 41% desert area on its land
Pakistan has three deserts
Thal Desert (Sindh Sagar Doab; western Punjab)
Thar Desert (South East Punjab & Eastern Sindh)
Kharan Desert (Central to south Balochistan)
Ms Behjat Jami

56. THAR DESERT
The Thar Desert in Pakistan is the part of great Thar Desert in Rajhistan India
The Thar Desert in Pakistan is further divided into three deserts :
Cholistan Desert (South East Punjab )
Nara Desert (North Eastern Sindh)
Tharparkar Desert (Eastern Sindh)
Ms Behjat Jami

57. PUNJAB
THAL
DESERT
CHOLISTAN
DESERT
Ms Behjat Jami

58. NARA
DESERT
SINDH
THARPARKAR
DESERT
Ms Behjat Jami

59. Sand Dunes
                                     
A result of high wind 
Ms Behjat Jami

60. Sand Dunes
Pyramidal Sand Dunes
Ms Behjat Jami

61. indicate that winds blew in many directions
Star Sand Dunes
   
                                                         
indicate that winds blew in many directions
Ms Behjat Jami

62. Stony Part of a desert
Ms Behjat Jami

63. Desert Physical Features Sandy, stony & rocky Water is scarce
Land is fertile but needs water to show its strength
Natural vegetation is scattered with bushes, small trees & thorny plants
Ms Behjat Jami

64. Desert Physical Features Sand dunes are special feature of a desert
Sand dunes are formed due to high wind activities
Air takes layers of sand from one place to another place
Most of the dunes in Thar desert are longitudinal
Ms Behjat Jami

65. CACTUS & OTHER THORNY PLANTS
Desert Vegetation                           
 CACTUS & OTHER THORNY PLANTS
Ms Behjat Jami

66. DESERT VEGETATION
Ms Behjat Jami

67. Desert
Desertification: Desertification is a natural process in which a desert covers more area due to climatic changes
Reclamation: Reclamation is to turn deserted area into arable land by human efforts
Ms Behjat Jami

68. PLATEAUS
Ms Behjat Jami

69. PLATEAUS
a plateau is a high flat land little higher than normal level of land
Pakistan has two plateaus:
Potwar Plateau (North West Punjab)
Balochistan Plateau (central Balochistan)
Ms Behjat Jami

70. POTWAR PLATEAU Boundaries: Jhelum River (East) Indus River (West)
Kala Chitta Range and the Margalla Hills (North)
Salt Range (South)
Ms Behjat Jami

71. POTWAR
PLATEAU
PUNJAB
Ms Behjat Jami

72. POTWAR PLATEAU Physical Features Mostly mountainous
Rugged, rocky & bare land
Scattered vegetation
Mineral deposits are large but difficult to mine
Water is scanty
Ms Behjat Jami

73. POTWAR PLATEAU The Soan River flows through POTWAR PLATEAU
It starts as a branch of Jhelum river near Muree
It joins the Indus river near Kalabagh; Northern part of the plateau is arable due to this
Ms Behjat Jami

74. Climatic Issues Low rain fall Extensive deforestation Coal mining and
Oil and Gas exploration
Due to these activities the plateau is facing serious environmental problems
Ms Behjat Jami

75. BALOCHISTAN
PLATEAU
Ms Behjat Jami

76. BALOCHISTAN PLATEAU Physical Features Completely mountainous
Rugged, rocky & bare land
Scattered vegetation
Seasonal rivers
Water is scanty
Mineral deposits are large but difficult to mine
Ms Behjat Jami

77. COASTAL
PLAINS
Ms Behjat Jami

78. COASTAL PLAINS Pakistan has 1000Km long coastal line
Sindh Coast Km
Balochistan coast 800Km
Ms Behjat Jami

79. COASTAL PLAINS
Coastal belt in Pakistan stretches from Indian border in the east up to Iranian border in the west
Pakistan Coastal belt has:
commercial ports
fish harbours
Naval bases
Ms Behjat Jami