1. Planning and implementation of ecological sanitation projects
Christine Werner, Florian Klingel, Heinz-Peter Mang, Patrick Bracken, Arne Panesar
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH
ecological sanitation programme, Division 44 – environment and infrastructure
5th International Symposium on Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse for Sustaniability, IWA November 2005 in Jeju, Korea
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, November 2005

2. content of the presentation
Introduction
content of the presentation
what is ecosan?
wastewater = water and more
benefits of ecosan
range of technologies and basic project types
holistic sanitation and reuse planning and implementation
HCES and Bellagio principles
stakeholder participation
10 step ecosan project planning and implementation process
some ecosan pilot projects
challenges and conclusion
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, November 2005

3. shortcomings of conventional watercarriage sanitation
Introduction to ecosan
shortcomings of conventional watercarriage sanitation
fertilizer production from finite resources
food
overexploitation of groundwater
Mixing of flowstreams, misuse of drinking water for transport
waste disposal in water bodies
sewage sludge
90% untreated
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, November 2005

4. shortcomings of conventional „drop and store“ sanitation
Introduction to ecosan
shortcomings of conventional „drop and store“ sanitation
Retention of solids
Infiltration of liquids
Polluted groundwater
Nitrates
Viruses
Pathogens
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, November 2005

5. between sanitation and agriculture
Introduction to ecosan
principles of ecosan
closing the loop
between sanitation and agriculture
FOOD
NUTRIENTS
Pathogen destruction
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, November 2005

6. closing the loop between sanitation and agriculture
Introduction to ecosan
closing the loop between sanitation and agriculture
rainwater harvesting
restoring soil fertility
food
agricultural use
manure/ organic waste
faeces
greywater
urine
treatment / hygienization /energy production
water reuse
no waste disposal in water bodies
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, November 2005

7. advantages of ecological sanitation
Introduction to ecosan
advantages of ecological sanitation
Improvement of health by minimizing the introduction of pathogens from human excrements into the water cycle
Promotion of safe, hygienic recovery and use of nutrients, organics, trace elements, water and energy
Preservation of soil fertility, Improvement of agricultural productivity
Conservation of resources
Preference for modular, decentralised partial-flow systems for more appropriate, cost-efficient solutions
Promotion of a holistic, interdisciplinary approach
Material flow cycle instead of disposal
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, November 2005

8. Ecological sanitation…
Introduction to ecosan
ecosan principles
Ecological sanitation…
… is not a specific technology, but a new philosophy - based on an eco-system-oriented view of material flows - of dealing with what is presently regarded as waste and wastewater for disposal
…considers human excreta and wastewater not as wastes but as natural resources
… applies the basic natural principal of closing the loop by using modern and safe sanitation and reuse technologies
… opens up a wider range of sanitation options than those currently considered.
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, November 2005

9. composition of household wastewater
Introduction to ecosan
composition of household wastewater
Organics
kg COD/ (Person·year)
12.3
3.6
14.1
Nutrient content
kg N,P,K / (Person·year) N P K
0.8
5.3
1.0
– l
500 l
50 l
Volume
Liter / (Person·year)
source: Otterpohl
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, November 2005

10. separation of substances
Introduction to ecosan
separation of substances
urine
(yellowwater)
liquid or dry
fertiliser
hygienisation by
storage or
drying
faeces
(brownwater)
anaerobic
digestion,
drying,
composting
biogas,
soil
improvement
constructed wetlands, gardening,
wastewater ponds, biol. treatment, membrane- technology
greywater
(shower,
washing, etc.)
irrigation,
groundwater-
recharge or
direct reuse
filtration,
biological
treatment
rainwater
water supply,
groundwater-
recharge
composting,
anaerobic
digestion
organic waste
manure
soil
improvement,
biogas
substances
treatment
utilisation
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, November 2005

11. excreta are a valuable resource
million tons per year
(as N + P2O5 + K2O)
135 50
more than 1/3 of global mineral fertilizer consumption can be covered by the reuse of human excreta
over 15 billion US$ fertilizer equivalent are annually flushed down the toilet
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, November 2005

12. benefits of ecological sanitation
safe sanitation
healthy environment
souce:
source: Johannes Heeb
ecosan-toilets in Bangalore, India
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, November 2005

13. benefits of ecological sanitation
restored soil fertility through nutrient reuse
improved soil quality through reuse of organics
faeces & urine
urine
none
source: Petter Jenssen
source: Vinnerås, 2003
compost improved soil
untreated soil
after one week without water
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, November 2005

14. benefits of ecological sanitation
source: Petter Jenssen
recovery of energy content (covering about 20% of cooking energy needs for a typical family in a developing country)
energy savings in fertilizer production & wastewater treatment
reuse of water
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, November 2005

15. centralised and decentralized systems
Introduction to ecosan
centralised and decentralized systems
Centralized
Partially decentralized
Fully decentralized
source: Larsen, 2001
centralized sewer system and treatment
recovery of nutrients and water e.g. through reuse of wastewater
e.g. separate collection of urine or blackwater
centralized nutrient processing facility
centralized greywater sewer system and treatment
small-scale closed cycles of water and materials
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, November 2005

16. overview of ecosan technology-components
ecosan technologies
overview of ecosan technology-components
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, November 2005

17. basic types of ecosan projects
ecosan pilot projects
basic types of ecosan projects
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, November 2005

18. ecosan project planning
new aspects to be considered in the planning and implementation of ecosan projects
the integration of other relevant sectors in the assessment of the current situation and in all the planning activities and conceptual work: agriculture sector (reuse), water supply, urban planning, solid waste management
the consideration of a much wider variety of sanitation solutions (technical, institutional, financial)
the necessity to focus on the assessment of the needs of the users of the sanitary facilities,service providers and the end users of the recyclates.
supply of relevant information to enable the stakeholder to make an “informed choice”
the consideration of smaller planning units and a greater number of decentralised options
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, November 2005

19. ecosan is a cross-sectoral approach
Introduction to ecosan
ecosan is a cross-sectoral approach
Climate protection
Resource conservation
Business and labour promotion
Flood protection
ecosan
Food security
Integrated Water Resources Management
Sustainable agriculture +
Conservation of soil fertility
Health
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, November 2005

20.   Stakeholders in an ecosan project urban flat
( II ) User of recyclates
( IV ) NGOs 
( IX ) Research
Institutions
( I ) Users of Sanitation facilities
( VIII ) Financial
( V ) Local authorities,
governments 
( VII ) Developers
& Investors
( VI ) Service providers
( III ) CBOs and self- help groups
household in an
urban flat
(peri )urban
household
Tourists, students,
employees, etc.
Rural
Providers for
collection
treatment
and transport
Educational institutions
Consultant companies
Supplier of water gas and electricity
Construction companies
maintenance companies
Producers/
provider of
equipment
Distributors and
marketers of recyclates
Stakeholders in an ecosan project
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, November 2005

21. The HCES approach (WSSCC)
ecosan project planning
The HCES approach (WSSCC)
Participation of stakeholders
Level of problem solving
Regarding excreta and wastewater as ressources
HCES = Household (neighborhood) centered environmental sanitation
WSSCC = Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, November 2005

22. 10 ecosan project steps ecosan project planning
GTZ proposes a 10 step approach to assure interdisciplinary and participatory planning in ecosan projects, based on the HCES-implementation guideline of the WSSCC
Within an enlarged start-up phase, the 10 steps complement classical planning instruments (feasibility study, technical design, etc.)
10 ecosan project steps
Step 0 – Raising awareness
Step 1 - Request for assistance
Step 2 - Launch of planning & consultation process
Step 3 - Assessment of current status and stakeholders
Step 4 - Assessment of priorities, user and reuser needs
Step 5 - Identification of sanitation and reuse options
Step 6 - Evaluate feasible service and reuse options
Step 7 - Consolidate ecosan plans for the study area
Step 8 - Finalise consolidated ecosan plans for study area
Step 9 – Implementation
Start-up phase
Awareness raising
Feasibility-
Study
Detailed technical
& operational plans
Tendering, con-
struction, ope-
ration, maintenance
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, November 2005

23. 10 ecosan project steps (0-5)
ecosan project planning
10 ecosan project steps (0-5)
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, November 2005

24. 10 ecosan project steps (6-9)
ecosan project planning
10 ecosan project steps (6-9)
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, November 2005

25. Low cost Arborloo in Mondoro Village, Zimbabwe
ecosan pilot projects
Low cost Arborloo in Mondoro Village, Zimbabwe
Arborloo: a simple pit latrine for ecological sanitation practices
Arborloo principle
Arborloo construction work
Arborloo in Mondoro
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, November 2005

26. Photos: Sandec, Text: Mi Hua
ecosan pilot projects
ecosan dry toilet promotion in Guangxi-Province, China (supported by SIDA and Unicef)
Large ecosan project in the phase of up-scaling
1997, pilot project funded by SIDA/Unicef, 70 ecosan (urine diverting dehydration toilets) built in pilot village, Dalu Village
1998, urine-diverting toilets were built in 200 ecosan villages in Guangxi
2002, ecosan toilets in Guangxi
2003, ecosan toilets in 17 provinces (Ministry of Public Health)
Factors of success: cultural acceptance, political commitment, technical flexibility, low cost, income generation, pressure from water pollution and water scarcity, promotion and marketing
Photos: Sandec, Text: Mi Hua
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, November 2005

27. KfW building, Germany ecosan concept since 2003: Greywater recycling
ecosan pilot projects
KfW building, Germany
ecosan concept since 2003:
Greywater recycling
Rainwater harvesting
Vacuum blackwater collection, eventually to be followed by anaerobic treatment
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, November 2005

28. GTZ main office building renovations, Germany
ecosan pilot projects
GTZ main office building renovations, Germany
Urine separation and collection
Research on:
acceptance and technical function of urine separation
different treatment options and agricultural use of urine
biomembrane treatment and hygienisation of brownwater
GTZ headquarter
Eschborn, Germany
Urine diversion toilets and waterless urinals
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, November 2005

29. main challenges increasing awareness
integration of reuse into planning
revision of legal frameworks & technical standards
establishment of compara-tive full cost, benefit and risk assessments
finding innovative investors and adapting financing instruments
implementation of large scale urban projects
source: Petter Jenssen
Greywater treatment in Norway
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, November 2005

30. conclusion
“business as usual“ will not allow us to meet the sanitation MGDs, as conventional systems have failed
we cannot continue to waste our non-renewable resources
ecological sanitation - comprising the reuse of water, nutrients, organics and energy - must be recognized and introduced as the new promising holistic and sustainable approach to provide safe and decent sanitation, reduce poverty, contribute to food security, preserve our environment and maintain our natural basis of life on earth
IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, November 2005