1. Dr Joan Harvey and Dr George Erdos
Culture
Dr Joan Harvey and Dr George Erdos

2. Culture and structure in organizations
Beliefs and attitudes
Reflected in practices, rules and procedures
Culture types:
Power
Role
Task
Person

3. Culture issues for discussion
If culture is reflected in “ it is the way we do things around here”, then what does it say about a culture when the following happen?
Managers appear not care about the health and safety of employees?
Your manager never praises people, only critcises when things not done well
What is a ‘blame’ culture?

4. Studying culture Excellence approach Human relations approach
Peters and Waterman
So what do you think makes an organization ‘excellent?’ Can you name any?
Human relations approach
Behaviour and process approach
Systems approach
Contingency approach
Is one type of leader best for all situations?
Management gurus

5. Factors affecting culture
History and ownership
How the company has changed
Size
E.g. larger bureaucracies slow to change
Technology
E.g. Issues where moving from low-tech to high-tech
Goals and objectives
Differ by type of industry
Environment
E.g. in different cultures such as Japan
People
Skills and abilities, ambiguity etc

6. Organizational activities
Steady state: routine
Innovation: directed towards change
Crisis: unexpected
Policy: priorities, standards etc

7. Hofstede organizational culture types
Process versus results orientation
Job versus employee orientation
professional versus parochial [org] identity
Open versus closed system
Tightly versus loosely controlled
Pragmatic versus normative [flexible versus rigid way of dealing with rules]
EXERCISE: compare PWC, Microsoft,
IBM and CZU using these dimensions.

8. Sub cultures Safety culture Blame culture Absence culture
Macho culture
Adversarial culture
Paternalistic culture

9. Example: safety culture comprises:
Risk awareness
Risk taking/risk aversion/loss aversion
Perceived personal responsibility
Perceived management responsibility
Job satisfaction
Management communication
Trust and commitment

10. Organizational development
Western value-based technique
Aims to improve organization’s ability to solve problems, become more efficient and renew itself
Aligning personal goals and organizational goals
Theory x, theory y and theory z

11. Thank you for your attention
Joan Harvey
George Erdos