1. The Body’s Defense Against Disease
Objective: Learn How the Immune System Works Key Words: Skin, Fluids, Inflammatory Response, Macrophages, Interferon, Pathogens
The Body’s Defense Against Disease

2. First Line of Defense: Skin
Objective: Learn How the Immune System Works Key Words: Skin, Fluids, Inflammatory Response, Macrophages, Interferon, Pathogens
First Line of Defense: Skin
Physical and chemical barriers
Skin: characteristics of barrier
Structure: dead layer, inhospitable to microorganisms
Constant replacement: many adhering microorganisms removed
pH = 5-6: too acidic for many microorganisms
Other: tears, saliva, earwax, digestive acids, mucus, vomiting, urination, defecation, resident bacteria (normal flora)

3. First Line of Defense: Skin
Objective: Learn How the Immune System Works Key Words: Skin, Fluids, Inflammatory Response, Macrophages, Interferon, Pathogens
First Line of Defense: Skin
The function of the first line of defense is to keep ___________ out of the body.
Example of pathogens are________, __________, _______, ___________ .
Your body’s most important nonspecific defense is the _______________.
Pathogens can also enter you body through other body openings, including your mouth and nose.
Your body has nonspecific defenses that protect these openings like ________________________________________________.
pathogens
bacteria
viruses
fungi
protozoa
skin
Fluids: mucus, saliva, tears, acid in stomach

4. Second Line of Defense: Inflammatory Response
Objective: Learn How the Immune System Works Key Words: Skin, Fluids, Inflammatory Response, Macrophages, Interferon, Pathogens
Second Line of Defense: Inflammatory Response

5. Second Line of Defense: Inflammatory Response
Objective: Learn How the Immune System Works Key Words: Skin, Fluids, Inflammatory Response, Macrophages, Interferon, Pathogens
Second Line of Defense: Inflammatory Response
White Blood Cells: Macrophages
Interferons: interfere with virus spread
Fever: increase host cell defenses and metabolic activity

6. Second Line of Defense: Inflammatory Response
Objective: Learn How the Immune System Works Key Words: Skin, Fluids, Inflammatory Response, Macrophages, Interferon, Pathogens
Second Line of Defense: Inflammatory Response
Figure 9.7

7. Macrophage White Blood Cell
Objective: Learn How the Immune System Works Key Words: Skin, Fluids, Inflammatory Response, Macrophages, Interferon, Pathogens
Second Line of Defense: Inflammatory Response
Macrophage attacking e-coli.
Macrophage White Blood Cell

8. Second Line of Defense: Inflammatory Response
Objective: Learn How the Immune System Works Key Words: Skin, Fluids, Inflammatory Response, Macrophages, Interferon, Pathogens
Second Line of Defense: Inflammatory Response
Bacteria chemicals expand faster fever Increase pain pathogens phagocytes
slow down stop inflammatory response swollen white blood cells toxins
__________ enter your body, they may multiply quickly, releasing _______ into your tissues.
The ______________________ is activated.
The immune system produces millions of __________________, which fight the infection.
Blood vessels near the wound ______________, and _________________ move from the vessels to enter the infected tissues.
Many of these white blood cells are ___________ which engulf and destroy__________.
The infected tissue may become ___________ and ___________.
The immune system also release chemicals that ________________ body temperature. It is called a ________.
The increased body temperature is advantageous because an elevated temperature ________________ or ___________ the growth of such pathogens.
The higher body temperature also ___________ the heart rate so that the ________________ get to the site of infection ____________.
Physicians know that a ___________ and an increased number of ______________________ are two indications that the body is hard at work fighting infection.
Pathogens
toxins
inflammatory response
white blood cells
expand
white blood cells
phagocytes
bacteria
swollen
pain
increase
fever
slow downs
stops
increases
white blood cells
faster
fever
white blood cells

9. Second Line of Defense: Inflammatory Response
Objective: Learn How the Immune System Works Key Words: Skin, Fluids, Inflammatory Response, Macrophages, Interferon, Pathogens
Second Line of Defense: Inflammatory Response
viruses interferon slows down proteins
When ________ enter the body, the body sometimes reacts in a different way.
Something, virus infected cells produce a group of _________ that help other cells resist viral infection.
Scientists named these proteins __________because they “interfere” with the growth of the virus.
__________ inhibit the synthesis of viral proteins in infected cells and help block viral replication.
This process ____________ the progress of infections and often gives the specific defenses of the immune system time to respond.
viruses
proteins
interferon
Interferon
slows down