1. Space Exploration

2. Space Travel
Write down as many things as you can think of that a space explorer would need to survive in space.

3. F F F True/False There is no gravity in space.
Mass and weight are the same.
Living in space has no effect on the human body. F

4. History of Space Travel
Sir Isaac Newton
Important fact!
Sir Isaac Newton - contributed to space exploration by defining and describing gravity

5. History of Space Travel
Johannes Kepler
Important fact!
Johannes Kepler - Developed the laws of planetary motion describing how planets move in space.

6. Solar System Models
To study and prepare for space, models are useful tools.
However, many models have limitations.

7. Find the limitations of these Models
Correct distances and sizes of the sun and planets

8. Find the limitations of these Models
True size of the sun and planets and distances

9. How can this model be used to help plan space trips?
To estimate distance, travel time and fuel costs

10. Why do scientists use full size models?
to practice in-flight procedures
to familiarize the crew with emergency
procedures
to maximize safety
save the expense of a real mission

11. vocabulary
word!
gravity – the force of attraction between objects due to their masses and the distance between them.
There is less gravity in space because the distance to a moon or planet is larger.

12. microgravity – small amount of gravity felt in space.
vocabulary
word!
microgravity – small amount of gravity felt in space.
When orbiting around a planet, you are in a constant state of free fall
Microgravity around earth is 1x10-6 gravity
Microgravity causes muscle and bone loss
Also causes fluids to form balls
Can make drinking, showering and sweating difficult

13. vocabulary
word!
weightlessness – the apparent loss of weight of an object that is in free fall.
Gravity does exist on a spacecraft but, because the shuttle is in a constant state of free fall around the Earth, everything maintains a weightless state.

14. The escape velocity from earth is about 40,270 km/h (25,020 mph).
vocabulary
word!
escape velocity– the minimum speed needed for an object to "break free" from the gravitational attraction of a massive body.
The escape velocity from earth is about 40,270 km/h (25,020 mph).

15. Orbital velocity is different for each planet.
vocabulary
word!
orbital velocity– the average speed needed to orbit a massive body in space.
Orbital velocity is different for each planet.

16. getting there and back the forces of launch
the temperatures of re-entry
landing
communication

17. launch
Any spacecraft leaving Earth must overcome gravity to reach space
Launch can create very strong forces that act against the astronauts.
Manned spacecraft have to accelerate slow enough to keep the astronauts safe

18. launch

19. re-entry For re-entry, the angle of the spacecraft must be just right
The steeper the angle, the hotter the shuttle gets
If the angle is too shallow, the craft can bounce back into space
A heat shield protects the astronauts from the 1,650 degree temperature

20. shuttle heat shield

21. landing
Spacecraft need to be able to land on Earth or other planets/moons without crashing
parachutes
land in water
thrusters to slow down

22. landing

23. communication
Astronauts need to be able to communicate with each other and with ground control on Earth
intercom system on the craft
radio waves from space to Earth
Fun Fact
Cell phones do not work in space

24. communication

25. notes
Create a chart like to record this information.

26. conditions in space
Conditions in space affect the human body much differently than conditions on Earth do.
weightlessness
radiation
oxygen and air pressure
waste management
food and drink

27. weightlessness
If you drop an apple on Earth falls at 1g. If an astronaut on the space station drops an apple, it falls too. It just doesn't look like it's falling. That's because they're all falling together: the apple, the astronaut and the station. But they're not falling towards Earth, they're falling around it. Because they're all falling at the same rate, objects inside of the station appear to float in a state we call "zero gravity" (0g), or more accurately microgravity (1x10-6 g.)

28. weightlessness
While in space, weightlessness can cause bone and muscle loss.
Bone density can decrease by .6% to 5% each month.
Astronauts must exercise in space to keep the heart, bones and muscles healthy.

29. weightlessness
To prepare for the feeling of weightlessness, astronauts train on an airplane called the vomit comet.

30. weightlessness
Astronauts must exercise in space to keep the heart, bones and muscles healthy.
Exercising on a treadmill to reduce bone and muscle loss.

32. notes
Create a chart like to record this information.

33. radiation The sun produces large amounts of solar radiation.
Radiation in space can damage the astronaut’s DNA.
Damaged DNA increases the risk of cancer.
Radiation is especially high during solar flares.

34. radiation
The shuttles and space station have minimal radiation protection.
Scientists are trying to develop better protection so astronauts can stay in space longer.

35. radiation

36. notes
Create a chart like to record this information.

37. oxygen and air pressure
Humans cannot breath in space
Oxygen does exist on other planets but not in concentrations we can breathe.
There is also no air pressure so the body would expand to twice its normal size.
The heart would also have to work much harder to get blood around the body.

38. oxygen and air pressure
Shuttles and space stations are designed to provide the correct air pressure.
An 80% nitrogen, 20% oxygen mixture is also pumped into the spacecraft.

39. notes
Create a chart like to record this information.

40. food and drink All food, water and drinks must be taken up to space
There is no space market or organisms in space to eat.

41. food and drink Food must be packaged for long term storage.
Much of the food is freeze dried.
Food must be quick to open and serve and easy to clean up.
Drinking is done through straws or zero gravity cups.

42. food and drink

43. notes
Create a chart like to record this information.

44. What technology has been developed to help a human survive and move in space?

46. What does a Spacesuit do?
Creates pressure to force blood around the body
Provides oxygen and collects carbon dioxide
Helps regulate temperature

48. The Spacesuit Layers
Multiple layers helps to maintain temperature

49. The Spacesuit Backpack
Provide pure O2 for inhaling and canisters to collect CO2

50. Spacesuit Training
Astronauts train in a pool to lighten the weight of the suit
This helps them to move more easily and practice tasks

51. notes
Create a chart like to record this information.

52. waste management
Wastes need to be managed carefully in the limited room on a spacecraft.
exhaled carbon dioxide
trash
restroom

53. waste management Carbon dioxide is expelled from the craft
Garbage is stored until landing.
Liquid waste is purified and recycled.
Solid waste is dried, compressed and stored until landing.

54. waste management

55. waste management

56. conserving resources in space
Every resource that astronauts need must be launched with them.
Recycling, reusing or collecting resources is important.
Waste water and air are recycled.

57. conserving resources in space

58. notes
Create a chart like to record this information.

59. Large distances Distances between planets and moon can be huge.
Can take years/decades to get to some places.
fuel costs and weight
time
Equipment that can handle conditions
depression can set in

60. One way to overcome large distances:
vocabulary
word!
slingshot theory - going around another planet and using it’s gravity to gain speed
longer trip but takes less time
can conserve fuel
Draw this in your notes

61. Slingshot Effect

62. notes
Create a chart like to record this information.

63. Barfing in space: http://www. youtube. com/watch
Barfing in space: Sleeping: Brush your teeth: Wash your hair Make a pb and j

64. eating: http://www. youtube. com/watch
eating: screaming in space: washing clothes back to Earth: Mythbusters:

65. Future of Space Travel Manned trip to the moon Manned trip to Mars
Manned colonies on Mars
Exploration

66. Research topics http://www.nasa.gov/externalflash/HRP_Feature/
spacecraft
space suits
space food and drink
waste management and recycling
living and working in space
long distances