1. Mini test – write the formulae for
Nitric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Sulfuric acid
Copper oxide
Potassium nitrate
Lithium hydroxide
Water
Carbon dioxide
Calcium carbonate
HNO3
HCl
H2SO4
CuO
KNO3
LiOH
H2O
CO2
CaCO3

2. Mini test – write the formulae for
Ethanoic acid
Sodium Chloride
Magnesium Chloride
Chlorine gas
Iodine crystals
Nitric acid
Ammonia
Sodium Hydroxide
Copper Sulfate
CH3COOH
NaCl
MgCl2
Cl2 I2
HNO3
NH3
NaOH
CuSO4

3. Making salts
4.5 - predict the products of reactions between dilute hydrochloric, nitric and sulfuric acids; and metals, metal oxides and metal carbonates (excluding the reactions between nitric acid and metals)

4. Recap

5. What acid would you need…to make the following salts?
copper sulfate
sodium nitrate
calcium chloride
sodium ethanoate.
Sulfuric acid
Nitric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Ethanoic acid

6. What alkali or base would you need
What alkali or base would you need. …to react with sulfuric acid to make:
Lithium sulfate
Calcium sulfate
Copper sulfate
Magnesium sulfate
Lithium hydroxide/oxide/carbonate or just lithium

7. PART 1 - soluble salts
To make a soluble salt we replace the H+ in an acid with a metal ion.
eg HCl (acid) NaCl (salt)
The most appropriate method to make these is to react the acid with:
the metal itself
an alkali (such as a hydroxide)
a base (such as an oxide or carbonate)

8. Metals and Acids Collect four test tubes
Add 10ml of sulfuric acid to test tube 1
Add 10ml of hydrochloric acid to test tube 2
Add 1 spatula of citric acid and 10ml of water to test tube 3
Add 10 ml of ethanoic acid to test tube 4
Then add 2cm of magnesium strip to each test tube
Record observations
Repeat with the other metals provided

9. Examples
Mg + 2HCl -> MgCl2 + H2 Ca + H2SO4 -> CaSO4 + H2 Hinge question: Can you write a sentence to explain why we could NOT make sodium chloride or copper chloride this way?

10. Take-away tip
The reason you cannot make all salts this way is because:
Some metals are too reactive AND
Others are not reactive enough.

11. Acid and Metal Complete the following word equations
Zinc + sulfuric acid 
Magnesium + nitric acid 
Calcium + ethanoic acid 
Tin + phosphoric acid 
Extension:
Write a balanced symbol equation for the above reactions

12. Answers Complete the following word equations
Zinc + sulfuric acid  zinc sulfate + hydrogen
Zn + H2SO4  ZnSO4 + H2
Magnesium + nitric acid  magnesium nitrate + hydrogen
Mg + 2HNO3  Mg(NO3)2 + H2
Calcium + ethanoic acid  calcium ethanoate + hydrogen
Ca + 2CH3COOH  Ca(CH3COO)2 + H2
Tin + phosphoric acid  tin phosphate + hydrogen
3Sn + 2H3PO4  Sn3(PO4)2 + H2

13. Making salts 2: Acid and Alkali
During a neutralisation reaction acids are neutralised by alkalis to produce a salt and water.
An indicator such as universal indicator, or a pH probe, can be used to show when the acid and alkali have reacted completely.

14. Acid and alkali
Add one squirt of hydrochloric acid into a boiling tube
Add one squirt of sodium hydroxide into the same boiling tube
Add three drops of universal indicator
Try to make your solution green

15. Making salts 3: acid and base
Here an insoluble base such as copper oxide or magnesium oxide reacts with an acid, also neutralising it.
The base is added to the acid until no more will react and the excess solid is filtered off.
The solution can be left to crystallise

17. Carbonates and Acids Collect four test tubes
Add 10ml of sulfuric acid to test tube 1
Add 10ml of hydrochloric acid to test tube 2
Add 1 spatula of citric acid and 10ml of water to test tube 3
Add 10 ml of ethanoic acid to test tube 4
Then add 1 spatula of calcium carbonate to each test tube
Record observations
Repeat with the other carbonates provided

18. Making salts 4: carbonates
Carbonates are also insoluble solids that react with acid to produce a salt, water and also carbon dioxide. CaCO3 + H2SO4 -> CaSO4 + CO2 + H2O

19. Complete chemical equations for the following equations and include state symbols
iron reacting with nitric acid
potassium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid
magnesium reacting with sulphuric acid
sulphuric acid and calcium carbonate
ammonium hydroxide and sulphuric acid
sodium hydrogen carbonate and nitric acid
lead nitrate and sodium chloride
nitric acid and copper carbonate
barium nitrate and suphuric acid
copper oxide and hydrochloric acid
magnesium oxide and sulphuric acid
nitric acid and ammonium hydroxide

20. Answers 1. Fe (s) + 2HNO3 (aq)  Fe(NO3)2 (aq) + H2O (l)
2. KOH (aq) + HCl (aq)  KCl (aq) + H2O (l)
3. Mg (s) + H2SO4 (aq)  MgSO4 (aq) + H2 (g)
4. H2SO4 (aq) + CaCO3 (s)  CaSO4 (s) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
5. 2NH4OH (aq) H2SO4 (aq)  (NH4)2SO4 (aq) + H2O (l)
6. NaHCO3 (aq) + HNO3 (aq)  NaNO3 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
7. Pb(NO3)2 (aq) NaCl (aq)  2NaNO3 (aq) + PbCl2 (s) (precipitation reaction)
8. 2HNO3 (aq) + CuCO3 (s)  Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + CO2 (g) H2O (l)
9. Ba(NO3)2 (aq) H2SO4 (aq)  2HNO3 (aq) + BaSO4 (s) (precipitation reaction)
10.CuO (s) HCl (aq)  CuCl 2 (aq) + H2O (l)
11. MgO (s) + H2SO4 (aq)  MgSO4(aq) + H2O (l)
12. HNO3 (aq) + NH4OH (aq)  NH4NO3 (aq) + H2O (l)

22. Answers Mg 2+, OH- Greater than 7
Magnesium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid  magnesium chloride + water
Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl  MgCl2 + 2H2O
Too strong, would neutralise too much of the acid