1. Animals: Welcome to Your Kingdom
Basic Form and Function

3. What is an Animal? Invertebrates and Vertebrates Multicellular
Heterotrophic
Eukaryotic
Contain Tissues that develop from germ layers

4. Nutritional Mode of Animals
Heterotrophic: Ingestion of food and absorption inside digestive tract with aide of enzymes
Plants: autotrophic
Fungi: heterotrophic that grow on or near that feed by absorption
Often aided by enzymes that digest food outside of bodies

5. Cellular Organization of Animals
Multicellular but lack cellular support through cell walls
Instead held together by structural proteins (most abundant is collagen)
Cells are specialized into functional Tissues then organs, etc.
Muscular, nervous, etc.
Tissues develop from layers of cells during diploid stage of developmental life cycle (germ layers)

6. Phylogeny of the Animal Kingdom
Vertebrates live here, in the phylum of Chordates…but not all Chordates are vertebrates…

7. What is a chordate?
There are 4 morphological structures that appear during some point during the animal’s lifetime:
Notochord – long flexible tube in between digestive tube and the nerve cord
becomes gelatinous material between vertebrae in humans
Dorsal nerve cord
becomes CNS in humans
Pharyngeal slits (gill slits)
Muscular post-anal tail – most chordates have a tail that extends beyond the anus

10. Survey of Vertebrate Classes
Fishes: Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes
Tetrapods: Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia
Amniotes: Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia

11. Class Agnatha Sample organisms: Jawless vertebrates
Hagfishes, lampreys
Jawless vertebrates
Feed by sucking blood after clamping onto prey or by scavenging
Do not have paired appendages or paired fins
Cartilaginous Skeleton

12. Class Chondrichthyes Sample organisms: sharks and rays
Cartilaginous fishes – have relatively flexible skeletons made of cartilage rather than bone
Most sharks are carnivorous and have acute senses
Have jaws

13. Class Osteichthyes Bony fishes Sample organisms: perch, trout
Have hard skeletons (due to ossification)
Sample organisms: perch, trout
Breathe by drawing water over 4-5 pairs of gills covered by operculum (protective flap)
Most bony fishes are oviparous
Females lays large numbers of eggs, fertilization occurs externally

14. Class Osteichthyes

15. Class Amphibia The first vertebrates (tetrapods) on land
Amphibians must deposit their shell-less eggs in water so they don’t dry out
Sample organisms: frogs & salamanders
Amphibian = “two lives”
Tadpole – larval stage
Metamorphosis occurs
Frog – legs develop
Salamanders – have tails
Frogs – do not have tails

16. Class Reptilia Sample organisms: lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodiles
Reptiles have scales made of keratin that cover their skin
Obtain oxygen with their lungs
Fertilization occurs internally
Most reptiles lay amniotic eggs on land
Ectotherms –
body temperature fluctuates with the environment

17. Class Aves Birds are tetrapods with feathers
Their forelimbs are modified as wings
Sample organisms: owl, sparrow, penguin, eagles
Lay amniotic eggs
Endothermic – regulate their own body temps.
Anatomy adapted for flight
Form & function

18. Class Mammalia Mammals have hair Endothermic
Mammary glands that produce milk
Most mammals are born, not hatched
Three major groups:
Monotremes – lay eggs
platypuses
Marsupials – complete development in a maternal pouch
Kangaroos, koalas, opossums
Placental mammals – complete development within the uterus, joined to the mother by the placenta
Sheep, bats, elephants, humans