1. Turn-taking in conversation: Turn construction

2. Observable facts of the turn-taking behaviour
Speaker change recurs, or at least occurs
Overwhelmingly one person talks at a time
Occurrences of more than one speaker at a time are common by brief
Transitions (from one turn to the next) with no gap and no overlap are common. Together with turns characterized by a slight gap or slight overlap
Turn order is not fixed, but varies
Turn size is not fixed, but varies
Length of conversation is not specified in advance
What parties say is not specified in advance
Relative distribution of turns is not specified in advance
Number of parties can vary
Talk can be continuous or discontinuous
Turn allocation techniques are obviously used
Various ‘turn constructional units’ are employed
Repair mechanisms exist for dealing with turn-taking errors and violations
(Sacks, Schegloff and Jefferson 1974: )

3. Organising Turn-taking
The fact that one person at a time is not necessary and some activities can overlap regularly and unproblematically.

4. Candidate answers to turn-taking
Candidate answers to the turn-taking problem - how do you know when to change?
1. There is a marker at the end of talk to indicate that a turn has come to an end?
2. Turn size is fixed and so the end is predictable?
Candidate answers to the turn-taking problem - how do you know who speaks next?
1. order is fixed in advance?
2. ‘traffic cop’?
3. everything is fixed in advance?

5. Candidate answers to turn-taking
The model proposed by Sacks, Schegloff and Jefferson (1974) has 3 components
1. the turn constructional component
2. the turn allocation components
3. rules for employing these

6. Turn construction
People do not talk only in sentences, but can use a range of different structures to construct their talk.

7. Turn construction
Turns are made up of TCU’s. A variety of units can compose a TCU (word, phrase, sentence).
When a TCU is produced it is recognized as possibly complete in the context is which it is produced.

8. Turn construction
TCU’s have are projectable: speakers can know roughly what will come next.

9. Possible completion
TCUs are recognised as being possibly complete in their context.
There are four ways in which some segment of talk can be possibly complete.
grammatical completeness
intonational completeness
pragmatic completeness
nonverbal completeness

10. Possible completion
In turn-taking speakers orient to possible completeness, not actual completeness.

11. Transition relevance places
Transition relevance places (TRP)are points where a speaker’s talk is possibly complete. At a TRP, speaker change is a possible legitimate next action.
TRPs are not places where speaker change has to occur, but rather places where speaker change could occur.
Attempts at speaker change other than at a TRP are accountable.
At the end of each TCU speaker change is possible.
Speakership is negotiated interactionally at each TRP.

12. Extending turn constructional units
Where talk proceeds beyond a TCU, this talk can actually be planned as an increment to a preceding TCU, not necessarily as a new TCU. 

13. Turn expansion
Speakers may use an extended turn construction unit after another speakers turn at talk.
Where this happens the speaker may simply be extending the talk, but in some instances, it may function to “edit out” the impact of the talk by removing its sequential relevance. 