1. PARTHA BHATTACHARYA

2. NO LEGAL DEFINITION OF DEATH EXISTS!!!
Medically and scientifically, death is not an event, it is a process.
[ref. Simpson’s Forensic Medicine Twelfth Edition]
What Law says?
NO LEGAL DEFINITION OF DEATH EXISTS!!!
Sec 46 IPC: The word "death" denotes the death of a human being unless the contrary appears from the context.
Registration of birth and death Act Sec 2(b) : Defines death as permanent disappearance of all evidence of life at any time after live-birth has taken place.

3. MANNER OF DEATH
HOMICIDAL
SUICIDAL
ACCIDENTAL

4. VIOLENT ASPHYXIAL DEATHS COMPRESSION OF WIND PIPE HANGING
STRANGULATOIN
LIGATURE STRANGULATION
THROTTLING
MUGGING
GARROTTING
BANSDOLA
SUBMERSION OF MOUTH & NOSTRILS IN FLUID
DROWNING
EXCLUSION OF AIR FROM LUNGS
SUFFOCATION
SMOTHERING
GAGGING
CHOKING
OVERLAYING
BURKING
MECHANICAL FIXATION OF CHEST
TRAUMATIC ASPHYXIA
NECK TWISTING OR COMPRESSION OF TRACHEA
POSTURAL OR POSITIONAL ASPHYXIA
PRESSURE ON CAROTID VESSEL OR ON TRACHEA
SEXUAL OR AUTOEROTIC ASPHYXIA

5. HANGING
Death by suspending the body with a ligature round the neck, constricting force being the weight of the body.

8. HANGING

9. TYPES OF HANGING
A) On degree of suspension: (i) Complete hanging(body fully suspended) (ii)Partial Hanging (not fully suspended)almost always suicidal B) On position of knot : (i) Typical handing (ii) Atypical handing

10. BLINDNESS OR AGE NO BAR TO HANGING

12. MANNER OF DEATH IN HANGING
Most informative: crime scene investigation (‘PO’ visit) DECIDES SUICIDAL/ACCIDENTAL/HOMICIDAL consider -violence/struggle signs -Clothing/apparels -bodily injury

14. without suspending the body.
STRANGULATION
Violent form of asphyxia resulting from constriction the neck by means of a ligature or by other means
without suspending the body.

16. A 21-year-old male. Sexual asphyxia
A 21-year-old male. Sexual asphyxia. Placed towel between noose and skin.

17. LIGATURE STRANGULATION

18. SIGNS-LIGATURE STRANGULATION

19. LIGATURE STRANGULATION
Oblique ligature mark like hanging?
Ligature mark obliterates in decomposition?
Nail scratch mark always indicate strangulation?
Multiple turn of ligature mark always indicate strangulation?
Strangulation- suicidal ? Accidental?

21. PSEUDO STRANGULATION Bodies of infants & children in cold storage
Short-necked people
Obese people
Decomposition in a tightly clothed body

22. MANNUAL STRANGULATION
COMPRESSION OF NECK BY HUMAN HANDS – OCCLUSION TO CAROTIDS

24. MEDICOLEGAL ASPECTS – MANUAL STRANGULATION
Suicidal throttling
Not possible?
Accidental throttling
pressure at the carotid sinus bradycardia, & Hypotension
Homicidal throttling
Victims – infants, child or a woman
Healthy adults – only if intoxicated or stunned by a sudden attack
Most common mode of infanticide

25. Suffocation
Death from the exclusion of air from the lungs by means other than compression of the neck.
TYPES:
Smothering
Choking
Pressure on the chest
Inhalation of irrespirable gases

26. Drowning Types: Wet Drowning Dry Drowning Secondary Drowning
Immersion Syndrome

27. POST MORTEM APPEARENCES
MOST DIFFICULT TO PROVE IF NOT EXAMINED FRESH
Fine white lathery froth or foam
Cadaveric spasm-weeds, vegetations
Cutis anserine or goose skin
Voluminous lung with rib indentation
Water/mud/sand in trachea

28. CIRCUMSTANCES OF DROWNING
Died before falling into water?
Onset of disease while in water?
Injured first & thrown into water later?
Injured while in water?
Body found far away from place of drowning?
MANNER OF DEATH