1. 15
Therapies

2. Therapies
Psychotherapy
Specialized process where trained professional uses psychological methods
Differing forms of psychotherapy have differing methods
Psychoanalytic: focuses on gaining insight
Humanistic: focuses on gaining insight
Social learning or behavior therapy: uses forms of teaching

3. Therapies
Psychotherapy
Relationship involves power of therapist, emotional patient divulging personal data
Ethical Standards
Goals of treatment understood/agreed to by client; in best interest of client and society
Careful consideration given to alternatives
Therapist treats only within limits of expertise

4. Psychotherapy Ethical Standards
Therapies
Psychotherapy
Ethical Standards
Effectiveness of treatment must be evaluated
Rules and laws of confidentiality followed
No abuse of therapist-client relationship
Therapist must treat all humans with dignity; respecting all genders, races, sexual orientation, and other sociocultural factors

5. Therapies Psychoanalysis – founded by Freud
Root of all problems is in unconscious conflicts
Imbalance in id, ego, and superego
Conscious insight can resolve conflicts
Special therapy techniques may be used
Free association
Dream interpretation
Interpretation of resistance (from vague forms to specific resistance)

6. Therapies Psychoanalysis
Transference – therapist-client relationship takes form of client’s relationships with own parents and other authority figures
Catharsis – emotional experience or temporary relief from discomfort (some insight gained)
Interpersonal psychotherapy for depression
Emerged from psychoanalytic tradition
Identifies sources of depression and goals for therapy process; very successful outcomes

7. Therapies Humanistic psychology – Carl Rogers
People not born with unconscious mind
Client-centered therapy or person-centered
Emphasis on client’s ability to help self – feels emotionally safe enough to explore own hidden emotions
Therapist creates unconditional atmosphere (warmth, genuine positive regard, empathy)
Reflection – therapist makes statements to clarify client’s feelings and emotions

8. Therapies Gestalt therapy – founded by F. Perls
Humanistic psychotherapy approach
Meanings of sensations organized into whole perceptions
Goal: create therapeutic experience helping client achieve greater self-awareness
Emotional atmosphere: therapists often deal in confrontive, challenging manner necessary to loosen denied feelings

9. Therapies Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT)
Abnormal behavior learned from inappropriate experiences through
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Modeling
Learning is central goal of therapy; therapist is teacher and client learns adaptive behaviors
Cognitions less important

10. Therapies Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT)
Fear reduction methods using
Graded exposure - series of increasingly fearful situations experienced for gradual mastery
Use of modern technology - computer-generated virtual reality
Treats obsessive-compulsive disorders when used with other methods

11. Therapies Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT) Social skills training
Shaping and positive reinforcement used in role playing
Teach use of adaptive skills enough to handle real-life situations
Focus on social skill problem of unassertiveness

12. Therapies Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT) Cognitive restructuring
Assumes faulty cognitions – maladaptive beliefs, expectations, and thinking
Effective for treating anxiety, depression
Cannot modify clients’ existing behaviors because of inaccurate ways of thinking about themselves

13. Therapies Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT) Cognitive restructuring
Patterns of cognition contributing to emotional distress
Selective abstraction
Overgeneralization
Arbitrary interference
Magnification and minimization
Personalization
Absolutistic thinking

14. What works best? Allocation Initial 3 wks 3 mos 6 mos 9 mos10 15 20 25 30 35 5
Allocation
Initial
3 wks
3 mos
6 mos
9 mos
Self-help booklet
CBT
Untreated

15. Group and Family Therapy
Therapies
Group and Family Therapy
Group therapy
Carried out with groups of 4 to 8 clients; sees experience more effective than individual therapy techniques
Receives encouragement from others
Sees problem experienced by others
Learn from others’ advice
Learn new ways to interact with others
Format of group therapy varies widely

16. Group and Family Therapy
Therapies
Group and Family Therapy
Family therapy
Group composed of family members
Therapist trained in psychoanalytic, humanistic, and behavioral approaches
Beliefs
Family issues at root of problem
Dynamics of family system need analysis – function of each need to be understood

17. Group and Family Therapy
Therapies
Group and Family Therapy
Family therapy
Therapists’ goals to resolve problems by improving functioning of family system
Give family members insights and correct family dysfunctions
Increase warmth and intimacy in family
Improve family member communication
Help members establish reasonable set of rules for family regulation

18. Human Diversity Ethnic, gender, and sexual issues in mental health
Therapies
Human Diversity
Ethnic, gender, and sexual issues in mental health
U.S. has one of most advanced mental health system in world – does not cover all citizens
Hispanics - less outpatient care than whites
African Americans – more likely than whites to be committed to psychiatric hospitals (often involuntarily)

19. Human Diversity Ethnic, gender, and sexual issues
Therapies
Human Diversity
Ethnic, gender, and sexual issues
U.S. mental health system
Fewer women receive mental health services than men
Gender of therapist does not appear to influence outcomes
Feminist psychotherapy – radical approach
Women treated as second-class citizens and Barbie dolls

20. Human Diversity Goals of Feminist Psychotherapy
Therapies
Human Diversity
Goals of Feminist Psychotherapy
Advocates equal relationship in therapy
Encourage women to see how society limited them to dependent roles
Encourage women to become aware of their anger; find constructive ways of expressing
Have women define selves as independent
Women encouraged to consider own needs
Women should develop nontraditional skills

21. Drug therapy Widely used to treat abnormal behavior
Therapies
Drug therapy
Widely used to treat abnormal behavior
Commonly used psychiatric drugs
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Transcranial stimulation
Magnetic field used on frontal cortex
Effexor
Paxil
Prozac
Zorloft
Xanax
Geodon
Haldol
Navane
Risperdal
Zyprexa
Depakote
Epilim

22. Medical Therapies Psychosurgery Trephining Prefrontal labotomy
Modern names for labotomy surgeries conducted today
Capuslotomy
Cingulotomy

23. Trephining operations were apparently performed in the Middle Ages to treat abnormal behavior

24. Therapies 15
The End