1. REGION TYPES – FORMAL, FUNCTIONAL, or VERNACULAR?
1.) Nebraska
2.) Kiss 95.7 Broadcast Area
3.) Dixie
4.) Brazil
5.) Sun Belt
6.) Red Sox Nation
7.) Hartford Metro Area
1.) Formal
2.) Functional
3.) Vernacular
4.) Formal
5.) Vernacular
6.) Vernacular
7.) Functional

2. Why Are Different Places Similar?
Chapter 1 key issue 3
Why Are Different Places Similar?

4. Geographers try to explain why similarities between disparate places
are not coincidental.
Globalization means that the scale of the world is shrinking, not literally in size, of course, but in the ability of a person, object, or an idea to interact with a person, object, or idea in another place.

5. Calcutta, India from 3 different scales
They find these similarities by looking at human activities or phenomena from different SCALES
Calcutta, India from 3 different scales

6. LOCAL > STATE > REGIONAL > NATIONAL > GLOBAL
Scales of analysis
LOCAL > STATE > REGIONAL > NATIONAL > GLOBAL

7. BEWARE - SCALES CAN LIE!
Something that seems true at ONE scale might not be from ANOTHER scale.

8. Cancer rates at 3 different scales

9. Today, geographers are most concerned with the GLOBAL scale.
Technology has changed our world, bringing people ‘closer’ together and making cultures ever more SIMILAR.

10. Globalization is the ‘shrinking’ of the world- not literally, but in terms of interaction and diffusion.

11. POSITIVE ASPECTS OF GLOBALIZATION

12. With globalization & modern technology, INTERACTION between disparate places is becoming more common than ever before.

13. Popular ideas and preferences are being DIFFUSED across the planet- making disparate cultures ever more similar.

14. Historically, extreme distance between two places or things meant they were highly unlikely to INTERACT.

15. This is called DISTANCE DECAY- the farther you are from something, the less likely that it impacts you (and vice versa!).

16. Today, EXTREME DISTANCE is no longer the barrier that it once was.
Advances in COMMUNICATION and TRAVEL technology have brought the world ‘closer together’ than ever before.

18. KEY element of Globalization!
SPACE-TIME COMPRESSION is the reduction in time it takes for something to reach another place, whether it is a person or idea.
KEY element of Globalization!

19. SPACE - TIME
COMPRESSION

21. Economic issues in one country are more likely to cause ‘ripples’ throughout the rest of the world system, as economies grow ever more inter-
dependent.

22. Example #1:
The ASIAN CONTAGION of 1997

23. CHINESE STOCK MARKET CRASH of 2015
Example #2:
CHINESE STOCK MARKET CRASH of 2015

24. Within days of Chinese markets plummeting, the Dow Jones average- the biggest US stock index- had its biggest single-day fall
ever.

25. Many people also feel that GLOBALIZATION is destroying the most unique elements of many cultures, replacing them with popular substitutions.

26. Others feel that this force only serves to make the rich richer, and the poor poorer.

27. A HOUSING BUBBLE is when house prices build up to an unsustainable level. When it ‘pops,’ home values fall and many are left ‘UNDERWATER.’
This last happened in 2009.

28. Who are the primary agents
of GLOBALIZATION?

30. TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS (TNCs) are huge companies that divide their activities between different countries in order to maximize profit.
They choose the most profitable locations for their activities based on local conditions (like labor costs).

31. TNCs have fostered the creation of a global division of labor.

33. Economic activities are regionalized – both production and consumption

34. Core: North America, Western Europe, and Japan.
Semi-Periphery: India, China, Brazil, Iran, Mexico
Periphery: Africa, Asia, and Latin America CORE-PERIPHERY DIVISIONS

35. A rich country might need natural resources, while a poorer one might need capital for development
When two countries each fill a role needed by the other, this is called COMPLEMENTARITY

36. Globalization of Culture
Globalization is making cultural landscapes everywhere increasingly UNIFORM (similar)

37. Many stores create a visual appearance that differs as little as possible from place to place.

38. Figure 1-23 GLOBALIZATION OF CULTURE McDonald’s has more than 32,000 restaurants in 117 countries. To promote global uniformity of its restaurants, the company erects signs around the world that include two golden arches.

41. ACTIVITY BREAK…….
In the next 5 minutes, draw a very simple map of your neighborhood. Try to include as many locations as possible (ROADS, parks, houses, stores, churches, etc) DO NOT LOOK AT A MAP.

42. Mental maps are maps in our minds of places we have been or know
Activity spaces are those places we travel to routinely in our daily cycles.
Mental maps include terra incognita, unknown lands that are off limits to our imagination.

43. Distribution of Features
Space refers to the physical gap or interval between objects.

44. 3 Properties of Distribution
Density- frequency with which something occurs in a specified area.
Concentration- extent of a feature’s spread
Close together = clustered.
Spread apart = dispersed.
3. Pattern- arrangements of objects

45. Distribution
Each of these examples has the same DENSITY- the same amount of houses in the same area.
Each, however, has a different CONCENTRATION.
Each also has a different PATTERN.
Figure 1-24 DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSES The top plan for a residential area has a lower density than the middle plan (24 houses compared to 32 houses on the same 82-acre piece of land), but both have dispersed concentrations. The middle and lower plans have the same density (32 houses on 82 acres), but the distribution of houses is more clustered in the lower plan. The lower plan has shared open space, whereas the middle plan provides a larger, private yard surrounding each house.

46. From CLUSTERED to DISPERSED
FIGURE 1-25 DISTRIBUTION OF BASEBALL TEAMS The changing distribution of North American baseball teams illustrates the difference between density and concentration.

47. US Land Ordinance of 1785. PATTERN - The Township and Range System
Divided land in Western states into 1x1 mile squares
The Homestead Act of 1863
Encouraged settlement of the West by giving each settler 160 acres of land.
Not in book!!! Need to write down

49. Cultural features, like attitudes, also follow patterns.
Patterns of Culture
Cultural features, like attitudes, also follow patterns.
Humanistic geography is a branch of human geography that emphasizes the different ways that individuals perceive their surrounding environment.

50. Global Attitudes Toward Homosexuality
FIGURE 1-30 SEXUAL DIVERSITY IN SPACE The International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association maps the distribution of laws that discriminate on the basis of gender. The harshest laws against male–male or female–female relationships are found in sub-Saharan Africa and Southwest Asia and North Africa. Laws supporting male–male or female–female marriage or equivalent substitute are found primarily in Europe and Latin America.

51. Global Attitudes toward ABORTION

52. DIFFUSION
Process by which a something spreads across space from one place to another

53. Something originates from a HEARTH before diffusing

54. Spread through movement of people from one place to another
4 TYPES OF DIFFUSION
Relocation Diffusion
Spread through movement of people from one place to another
Connection refers to relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space.
Diffusion is the process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one place to another overtime.

55. Hierarchical Diffusion
4 TYPES OF DIFFUSION
Hierarchical Diffusion
Spread from persons/nodes of authority down the ‘chain of power’
Connection refers to relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space.
Diffusion is the process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one place to another overtime.

56. rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic
4 TYPES OF DIFFUSION
Contagious Diffusion
rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic
Connection refers to relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space.
Diffusion is the process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one place to another overtime.

57. Spread of a strong underlying principle, though not all might diffuse.
4 TYPES OF DIFFUSION
Stimulus Diffusion
Spread of a strong underlying principle, though not all might diffuse.
Connection refers to relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space.
Diffusion is the process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one place to another overtime.

58. EXIT SLIP ON SCHOOLOGY