1. The Consolidation of Latin America

2. Haitian Revolution Haiti was a French sugar colony
Slaves begin a revolution in 1791 under the leadership of Toussaint L’Overture.
1804: The Independent Republic of Haiti is established.
Becomes symbol of Latin American independence

3. Mexico
Priest Father Miguel de Hidalgo calls for help from mestizos and American Indians for independence.
Won early victories, but lost support of creoles
Captured and executed
Later, in 1820, Creoles were able to move towards independence.

4. Mexico
Augustin de Iturbide, a creole officer at the head of the army, was proclaimed Emperor of Mexico in 1821.
Central America was attached to the Mexican empire, but it collapsed in 1824.
Mexico becomes a republic, and central American states declare independence by 1838

5. South America
Simon Bolivar emerges as a leader in Northern South America,
he won a series of victories in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador, otherwise known as Gran Colombia
Bolivar dies in 1830 as a symbol of independence and republican government.

6. Brazil Brazil was ruled from Portugal until 1820.
Rio de Janeiro becomes a bustling city of European progress, especially with British commerce.
Dom Joao was recalled in 1820, and he leaves his son Pedro in Brazil.
Pedro declares Brazilian independence in 1822 and becomes Dom Pedro I, constitutional emperor of Brazil.

7. Political Fragmentation
Mexico: short-lived monarchy, then republic by 1823, but unstable until 1860s
Guatemala forms United Provinces of Central America, but collapses by 1839
Dominican Republic occupies Haiti, but gains independence in 1844
South America
Gran Colombia
Ecuador
Colombia
Panama
Venezuela
Collapses by 1830, the year of Bolivar’s death
Rio de la Plata (Argentina)

8. Caudillos
Independent leaders who dominated local areas by force, and who sometimes lead the national government itself
Becomes the arbiter of power in local regional differences
Lead the local military, which puts Spain on the defense
Caudillos agree to create some form of republican government, but divisions therein are
Centralists: Strong centralized national government
Federalists: power to flow from regional governments

9. MEXICO Mexican republic was established in 1824
Federalist constitution that resembles the US, France
General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna seizes power in 1835
Caudillo
Autocratic

10. Mexico-Texas
Texans sought more autonomy as federalists within the Mexican Nation.
Santa Anna attempts to suppress the Texans
Santa Anna is captured
The US, under ideals of Manifest Destiny, votes to annex Texas in 1845.

11. Mexico-Texas War breaks out between Mexico and the US
Mexico is forced to sign the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo in 1848
US acquires ½ of Mexico’s national territory.
Mexican-American war leaves bitter legacy of distrust.

12. Mexico
Santa Anna could not return to power after the Mexican-American defeat
Liberals begin La Reforma in 1854
New constitution in 1857
Benito Juarez (el presidente) pushes liberal reforms
Conservatives turn to Napoleon III in France for assistance
Maximilian von Habsburg takes the throne of Mexico
Works to keep La Reforma in place, but is disliked by Juarez and liberals.
When French troops withdraw Max von Habsburg is captured and executed

13. Argentina Manuel de Rosas takes power by 1831 as a Federalist.
Weak central government and local autonomy
Benefits the Buenos Aires ranchers
Despotic
Driven from power in 1852

14. Argentina New constitution in 1853 incorporates Federalist ideals
Centralists were appeased by guaranteeing national unity through the power of the presidency over provincial governors.
1862: Argentine Republic is declared
: Able and intelligent Argentine Presidents
: Domingo Sarmiento
Supporter of US and Britain
Reforms and stabilizes Argentina

15. Argentina: 1880:1920 Buenos Aires becomes the “Paris of South America”
Liberalism began by Sarmiento continued
Technological change and immigration fueled continued success.
By 1914, about 1/3 of Argentina were immigrants