1. Biotechnology - Bio = life - Technology = any device or method that makes life easier
Technology involving the DNA, genes, and, proteins of different organisms.
(Chapter 9)
DNA Fingerprinting
w/ Gel Electrophoresis
Selective Breeding

2. Biotechnology - Why?
Mutations cause “genetic variability” - differences.
These differences in DNA between individuals can be used to ….
Engineer more productive crops and animals
Treat/Cure genetic disorders (like cancer)
Identify individuals by their DNA “Fingerprint”
Clone genes (or organisms)

3. Mutations - Types Point Mutation: A change in a single nucleotide
Ex: Substitution (of one nucleotide for another)
Normal
Point Mutation

4. Biotechnology - Types 1) Selective Breeding:
Choosing to breed individual plants or animals with the most desireable traits.
Ex:
Dogs breeds: all came from wolves
Corn used to be smaller

5. Biotechnology - Types 2) Hybridization:
- breeding together indivdiuals to combine
different desirable traits.
Ex:
Labradoodles: a mix of Labrador dogs with Poodle dogs to combine hypoallergenic traits of poodles with the labrador’s many wonderful traits such as…bird-hunting skill!

6. Biotechnology - Types 3) Cloning:
- Making an identical copy of a gene or an
entire organism by “nuclear transfer”
- replacing the nucleus of an (unfertilized) egg cell
with the nucleus from a cell
of the org. being cloned.
Ex: Plants, Sheep, and Cats have all
successfully been cloned.

7. Biotechnology - Types 4) Transgenic Organisms:
- Plants or animals whose genes have
been replaced with genes from another
organism.
Ex:
Genes can be added to Bacteria to quickly
produce human proteins - such as insulin –
needed to treat diseases.

8. Biotechnology - Types 5) Genetic Engineering:
- intentionally changing the
genes of an organism
Ex: Gene Splicing – replacing
one gene with another
(transgenic crops)

9. Biotechnology - Types 6) Restriction Enzymes:
- Enzymes that cut DNA in to different sized
“fragments” (pieces) for use in gel electrophoresis.
Ex: DNA Fingerprinting: the fragments
created by Restriction Enzymes can
be used to identify individuals.

10. Biotechnology - Types 7) Gel Electrophoresis:
Electric
Source
7) Gel Electrophoresis:
- DNA pieces dissolved in a gel are separated by electricity in to bands at different distances from an electric source.
Ex: Used in DNA Fingerprinting _
Band A
Band B +
Positive
Electrode
- Attracting
electrons