1. Research and Study group “civil participation and social change
Seminar #1
Research design. Part 1 (out of 3)
© Zaytsev D.G., PhD in Political Science,

2. Research goal
To identify the models of the protest publics’ participation in the socio-political change in different countries and regions of the world (North and South America, North Africa and Middle East, Asia)
© Zaytsev D.G., PhD in Political Science,

3. Social Movements as the prerequisites and outcomes of Public Uprisings of 2010s
For part II of the book
© Zaytsev D.G., PhD in Political Science,

4. Structure Assumptions Conceptualization Parameters
Algorithm of data collection
© Zaytsev D.G., PhD in Political Science,

5. Assumptions (1)
A0: Protests of 2010s ≠ Social Movements A1: Social Movements are preconditions and possible outcomes of the protest publics that emerged in the 2010s
© Zaytsev D.G., PhD in Political Science,

6. Theory of social movements
Theories
Theory of social movements
Theory of Publics
Criteria
Social Movement
Public
Definition
Sustainable practices of collective citizen action, expressed in the campaigns based on various forms of association of citizens and their public self-representation (Tarrow, Tilly 2009)
Self-organized body of strangers united through the circulation of their discourse (Warner2002)
The model of collective action (CA)
“A campaign is a sustained, organized public effort making collective claims on targeted authorities” (Tarrow, Tilly 2009)
Public assembly, gathering around a certain discourse about the problem or event – “troubled message”; public summoning, organizing by public spaces of reflexive circulation of discourse, creating and representing of punctual rhythm of “poetic message” circulation about the alternative “world-making”
The level of institutionalization of CA
High. Institutionalized and organized in specific forms (structures, organizations, policy programs) before or after the events (protests). Organizational structures are the basis of collective actions.
Low. Can appear and exist for a long time without any institutionalization and organizational structures. Structures, organizations, and associations can exist in the parallel to the main collective activity.
Public self-represent-tion
Importance of public self-representation:worthiness, unity, numbers, commitment.
Also important, but not a special concern of public. Diversity of public self-representation. Self-representation through different discourses.
Identity
Common interests, goals, values – identity. “The special‐purpose association brought people together around concrete, often contingent aims and produced its own repertoire (associational repertoires) of organizational routines—the lockbox holding both funds and dues; the membership card, the trade union branch” (Tarrow, Tilly 2009)
Diversity of interests, goals, and values. Common identity is built upon the basis of an imaginary, alternative future world, which was discursively constructed by public, and democratic values of civil participation and responsiveness
Context
Political opportunity structure – “features of regimes and institutions that facilitate or inhibit a political actor's collective action and to changes in those features”: “the multiplicity of independent centers of power within the regime; its relative closure or openness to new actors; the instability or stability of current political alignments; the availability of influential allies or supporters; the extent to which the regime represses or facilitates collective claim making; decisive changes in these properties”. (Tarrow, Tilly 2009)
Act despite “political opportunity structure”, act outside frameworks. Public is focused on change regimes, and institutions; develop alternatives trend to the existent current “political opportunity structure”.
Examples
Anti-Vietnam War movement, Civil Rights Movement
“Arab Spring” in MENA region, Protests of 2010s in Rus, Turk, Ukr, Ind etc.

7. Parameters (1): the model of collective action – protest campaign?
Questions of Expert Interview
Indicators
Source
Sustainability & Longevity, the extent to which they exist beyond any single event
Can we consider the protests in Russia from (date/name of first protest event) to (date/name of latest protest event) as a single campaign? Why? In your opinion, in the course of the protests of is it possible to describe the practice of interactions of activists (claimants) , authorities (object(s) of claims), and public and sustained, from day-to-day? Why? Can we consider the protests of as united and coherent? Why?
Date & What? & Organizers
See TABLE 1
Clarity and precision of demands (claims)
During the protests of protesters demanded: … (name all significant slogans of protests). In your opinion, were these demands clear and precise for the public authorities? Can we say that they all fit into a certain system? What system? Why do you think so?
What?
The Presence of precise target authority (-es) of claims
It seems that the protesters’ demands have been addressed to … (name main target authorities, addressees of demands). In your opinion, was there a single recipient of these requirements? Who exactly? Why is it? Can we understand precisely to which particular authorities (government officials) protesters’ demands were addressed?
© Zaytsev D.G., PhD in Political Science,

8. Questions of Expert Interview
Parameters (2): the high level of the institutionalization of collective action in the divers forms of “associational repertoires”: routines, associations, structures, policy programs?
Parameters
Questions of Expert Interview
Indicators
Source
organizational routines of funding, exact sources of funding and rules of fundraising, protests' dependence on funds of other civil associations
The media expressed different assumptions who funded the protests of : … (list potential funders, e.g. activists/citizens through crowdsourcing; opinion leaders, such as Ksenia Sobchak; opposition political parties, such as PARNAS; opposition oligarchs, such as Hodorkovsky; opposition social movements, such as Solidarnost’; the foreign foundations, such as USAID; other countries, such as the USA)? In your opinion, what are the main sources of funding for the protests? In what way are these funds distributed? Who gives more and who less, and to which actors? Is it possible to highlight the most important source of funding? Why do you think so? Was there a specific procedure for the collection of funds for protests (among or by the participants and organizers of the protests)?
Funders (Individuals & Organizations)
Sources of funding
Fundraising procedure
See TABLE 2
Protesters create stable organizations (such as civic associations), and other forms of institutions (by existing and new organizations)
At the height of the protests of different organizations and civil associations have been established such as: … (list them, e.g. Coordinating Council of the opposition). In your opinion, have these organizations and associations become legitimate representatives of the protesters, who are able to express and promote the interests of the protesters, to realize the demands of the protesters? If they are able to realize the demands of protesters, to what extent are they able to do so? What are the limitations to this?
Name of organization (involved in protests)
Type of organization (involved in protests)
Date of creation of organization (involved in protests)
Web-site
See TABLE 3
In the protests of different organizations, which existed before the protests, such as social movements (list them, e.g. anarchists, monarchists), civil associations (list them, e.g. Moscow Helsinki Group), and oppositional political parties (list them, e.g. “Yabloko”, PARNAS, “Left Front”), participated in them. From their side, were there any attempts to "ride“, lead the protest? What attempts? Why were they succeed/failed?
Protesters formulate policy programs, and reform projects
Protesters attempts to formulate policy and reform projects (list them, e.g. the introduction of the simplified order of registration of political parties). To what extents were protesters able to advocate for their policy and reform projects in their engagements with public authorities? Why did they succeed/fail?
Reforms and Policy Programs (formulated by the protesters)
Date of reform/program formulation
Type of document (which introduces the reform/program)
Related slogans/demands
Reaction of target authorities
See TABLE 4
© Zaytsev D.G., PhD in Political Science,

9. Parameters (3): the importance of public self-representation?
Questions of Expert Interview
Indicators
Source
Worthiness/dignity of protesters: sober demeanor, neat clothing; presence of important social groups (clergy, dignitaries, mothers with children)
In the protests of different social groups (list them, e.g. both men and women, young and old, representatives of middle class, with higher education), citizens with diverse political preferences (list them, e.g. from conservatives to liberals, from monarchists to communists) participated. Meanwhile from 2011 till 2016 the structure of the protest changed (give an example, e.g. over time, among the protesters were more middle-class, liberal-minded citizens?). What kind of resources did the social or political groups of protesters lack that might have made them otherwise succeed? Did the protests lack influential leaders, or an active social base? Can you be more specific? How do you think these extra participants or allies might have helped? Why do you think so? For example, in the Ukrainian protests, The Church took a partisan stance. Maybe protests in Russia lacked something like this? What exactly?
demographic structure of protesters
social structure of protesters
political preferences of protesters
See TABLE 5
Worthiness/dignity of protesters: presence of public personalities, their capacity to consolidate and mobilize the public
The faces of protests were ... (name the most famous people on tribunes, e.g. Boris Akunin, Dmitry Bukov, Ksenia Sobchak, Alexey Navalny)? In your opinion, to what extent could they be called the leaders of the protests of ? Were the protests consolidated around them? Could they can mobilize people to participate in protests? Why (yes, no, partly)?
Faces and leaders of protesters (including tribunes) (Name, Surname, Occupation)
See TABLE 1
Fair mass-media coverage of the protests
Do you believe the coverage of the protests of in the media was objective? If not where there were more or less objective coverage of protests? Did the protesters use their own media? What kind? Did they cover all of the protest, or just some of them?
Links
Unity of protesters: matching badges, headbands, banners, or costumes; marching in ranks; singing and chanting
How do you estimate the level of unity of protesters? How it was expressed (matching badges, headbands, banners, or costumes; marching in ranks; singing and chanting)?
What? (demands and slogans)
Numbers: massive participation (headcounts, signatures on petitions, messages from constituents, filling streets)
According to organizers of protests the number of protesters was the maximum in (150000), the minimum in ( ). Did the protest activity decrease since 2011? Did the number of protesters effect the results of the protests? Do the numbers of protesters matter? How?
Number of participants
Commitment: braving bad weather; visible participation by the old and handicapped; resistance to repression; ostentatious sacrifice, subscription, and/or benefaction
How do you estimate the level of consolidation, mutual help and readiness to resist against repressions of the protesters of ? -
© Zaytsev D.G., PhD in Political Science,

10. Parameters (4): Strong identity?
Questions of Expert Interview
Indicators (1)
Indicators (2)
Source
Existence of boundaries between “activists”, “sympathizers”, and “opponents”
During the protests of were there any boundaries between “activists”, “sympathizers”, and “opponents”? -
Interactions between “activists”, “sympathizers”, and “opponents”, as well as with the media, the police, and public authorities
How you can characterize the interactions between “activists”, “sympathizers”, and “opponents”, as well as with the media, the police, and public authorities during the protests of ?
official reaction of public authorities
official reaction of leading world powers, foreign countries and their leaders and representatives
reaction to mass-media: national and foreign (and global)
official reaction of the police
See TABLE 6
Ability of activists to turn sympathizers into participants, turn indifferent onlookers into sympathizers, and neutralize opponents
How you can assess the ability of activists to turn sympathizers into participants, indifferent onlookers into sympathizers, and to counter opponents’ efforts?
Collective identity with set of unified claims against common targets
Do the protesters of have their own collective identity with a set of unified claims against common targets? What were those claims? What were those targets?
Constituted / Consolidated political actor
Can we consider the protests of as the activities of a constituted political actor? Or some kind of political actor? Why?
Community of interests - common for all protesters interests (or at least for the majority), which would unite protesters (or at least the majority)
What? (demands and slogans)
Reforms and Policy Programs (formulated by the protesters)
See TABLE 1
Community of goals - common for all protesters goals (or at least for the majority), which could unite protesters (or at least the majority)
See TABLE 4
Community of values - common to all protesters (or at least for the majority), which could unite protesters (or at least the majority), network outside, reproduce and support within
Political preferences of protesters
See TABLE 5
Communication connectivity - existence of communication between protesters, extent of closeness of communications
© Zaytsev D.G., PhD in Political Science,

11. Parameters (5): Favorable context – “political opportunity structure”?
Questions of Expert Interview
Indicators
Source
The multiplicity of independent centers of power within the regime
In your opinion, is there a multiplicity of independent centers of power within the regime?
SEE SLIDE X OF NEXT PPT
The relative openness to new actors in the regime
How open do you believe the political system is to the emergence of new actors?
The instability or stability of current political alignments
In your opinion, how stable are current political alignments within the regime?
The availability of influential allies or supporters
Is it possible for protesters to gain the support of influential allies or supporters?
The extent to which the regime represses or facilitates collective claim making
To what extent authorities are ready to repress protest activity? And to what extent negotiate with them?
Decisive institutional changes
What kind of institutional changes have happened during and after the protests? Have the basic democratic institutions changed? (Constitution, separation of powers, the policy of checks and balances, elections, the elections of high ranking officials, the universality of voting rights, freedom of speech, freedom of expression, associations, to have political meetings, the independence of mass-media). Have the basic civil society institutions changed? (The political party system, business groups, civil associations, volunteering, religious associations). Have protest movements contributed to this? Why do you think so? Substantiate your answer.
© Zaytsev D.G., PhD in Political Science,

12. Algorithm of data collection: tables 1-6
USE HSE Library Electronic Resources
Go to
In the list chose FACTIVA
In Search Form type key words, put “and” between words (more about coding in FACTIVA see Examples button)
Key words can be “protests and [name of country you research]”, e.g. “protests and South Africa”
In Date form chose the needed time period (from the month of the first protest event till now)
In Region form choose name of country you research
Generate the dataset of media messages about the protests in the country you research
Look thorough it, choose articles with information about the protests, and if the information is repeated, do not throw it out, keep it to compare what kind of data different media forums provide
FILL IN THE TABLES 1-6, put links for each number or data, if there is no agreement about data between different sources put give them all with references
© Zaytsev D.G., PhD in Political Science,