1. Chapter 11
Fossil Fuels

2. Energy Consumption
Per capita energy consumption

3. Energy Consumption
Energy consumption in the US

4. Energy Consumption
Energy consumption in the US

5. Energy Consumption
Energy consumption in the US

6. Fossil Fuels
Are nonrenewable resources
How Fossil Fuels Formed

7. Coal Types of Coal: Lignite (lowest quality) Subbituminous coal
Anthracite (highest quality)

8. Coal
Coal Reserves

9. Coal Two basic types of Coal Mining: 1) Subsurface (underground)

10. Coal Safety Problems Associated with Coal 1) Increased risk of cancer
2) Black lung disease

11. Coal Environmental Impacts of the Mining Process:
Prior to 1977, most surface mines were abandoned.
Leading to water pollution and acid mine drainage.
Current law requires all surface mines to be reclaimed.

12. Coal Environmental Impacts of Burning Coal:
Increases CO2 concentration in atmosphere
Lower quality coals release sulfur and nitrogen dioxides, causing acid deposition

13. Coal Making Coal a Cleaner Fuel Using scrubbers
Using fluidized-bed combustion

14. Oil and Natural Gas
World commercial energy sources for electrical power:

15. Oil and Natural Gas
Petroleum refining

16. Oil and Natural Gas
Exploration for Oil and Natural Gas

17. Oil and Natural Gas
Reserves of Oil

18. Oil and Natural Gas
Reserves of Natural Gas

19. Oil and Natural Gas Global Oil Demand and Supply
North America & Western Europe
Consumption
Production
Persian Gulf region
50.6%
28.9%
5.9%
26.7%

20. Oil and Natural Gas Environmental Impacts of Oil and Natural Gas
Production – Land disturbance
Transport – Oil spills
Combustion –
Pollution
Increased CO2 emissions
Acid deposition

21. Oil and Natural Gas
Largest Oil Spill in the US: Alaska, 1989

22. Oil and Natural Gas
Largest Oil Spill in the US: Alaska, 1989

23. Oil and Natural Gas
Case-in-Point:
The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge

24. Synfuels and Other Potential Fossil Fuel Resources
Synthetic fuel sources:
Tar sands (oil sands)
Oil shales
Gas hydrates
Coal liquefaction
Coal gasification
Problem: these all still produce CO2

25. The U.S. Energy Strategy
Obj. 1: Increase energy efficiency and conservation

26. The U.S. Energy Strategy
Obj. 1: Increase energy efficiency and conservation
Obj. 2: Secure future fossil fuel energy supplies
Obj. 3: Develop alternative energy sources
Obj. 4: Meet above objectives without further damage to the environment