1. Myology:
Support and maintain posture
Produce body heat
Form internal organs

2. Tendon : attaches muscle to bone and are surrounded by a tendon sheath
Aponeurosis is flat and ribbonlike and are found in areas that have a long distance or pulls over a joint

3. Fascia : encloses muscles and separates them into groups

4. Ligament : attaches bone to bone or bone to cartilage

5. Origin : the less movable of the two points of attachment
Origin : the less movable of the two points of attachment. Attaches to the fixed part of the skeleton
Insertion : the point of attachment by a muscle

6. The speed of contraction depends on the size of the structure.
The smaller the structure, the more rapid the action.

7. Skeletal muscle: also called voluntary muscle because they are controlled at will. Also called striated because they have a striped microscopic appearance. When muscles contract the fibers become shorter and thicker

8. striated

9. Smooth Muscle: also called visceral, nonstriated or involuntary muscle
Smooth Muscle: also called visceral, nonstriated or involuntary muscle. Many of the internal organs are made of smooth muscle including:

11. bladder

12. uterus

13. Smooth muscle vs skeletal muscle

14. Cardiac muscle is involuntary but does show very fine striations

15. cardiac
striated
smooth

16. Muscle Attachments: attachment to tendons (eg phalanges) results in movement and reduces bulk. Voluntary muscles usually attach to bone.

17. Muscles may also be attached to skin, mucous membranes or the fascia of other muscles.

20. A muscle must depend on other muscles to assist in a desired movement
A muscle must depend on other muscles to assist in a desired movement. For this reason muscles are called prime movers, antagonists and synergysts.

21. Primer Movers Muscles that actively produce a movement

22. Antagonist Muscles that are in opposition to the prime movers

23. Synergist Muscles that contract simultaneously with the prime mover to help execute a movement or steady a part

24. The names of muscles are based on six points of identification
The names of muscles are based on six points of identification * named for their action * named for their origin and insertion * named for their location * named for their shape or use * named for the direction of their fibers * named according to the number of their sections
Action: extensor carpi radialis
origin/insertion: occipitofrontal
Location: external oblique
Shape: pyramidal
Direction of fibers orbicular

25. Adjectives

26. Azygous : not paired

27. Bi, Tri, Quadri : two, three, four

29. Externus : external or outer

30. Gracilis : slender

31. Latissimus : wide

32. Longissimus, longus : long

33. Medius : intermediate

34. Orbicularis : surrounding

35. Quadratus : square

36. Rectus : straight

37. Rhomboideus : diamond shaped

38. Scalenus : unequally three sided

39. Serratus : sawtoothed

40. Teres : round or cylindrical

41. Transversus : crosswise

42. Vastus : great

43. Facial muscles There are many facial muscles that produce a variety of movement.

44. Orbicularis oculi

45. masseter

46. Muscles of the neck, back and thorax
Muscles of the neck, back and thorax. These muscles assist in rotation of the head, flexion and extention of the head on the neck, breathing and attachment of the forelimbs to the body

47. Serratus muscle group

48. Pectoral muscle group

49. Latissimus dorsi broadest muscle in the back, supports forelimb and flexes shoulders

50. The important muscles of the dorsum include the epaxial group: iliocostalis longissimus transversosspinalis

51. These muscles extend the vertebral column and produce lateral movement of the trunk

53. Transversospinalis

54. Three important muscles of the thorax are. external intercostals
Three important muscles of the thorax are *external intercostals *internal intercostals *diaphragm

58. During respiration: the external intercostals lift the ribs the internal intercostals lower the ribs the diaphragm contracts and flattens out causing the thorax to enlarge and the lungs to expand

60. Muscles of the forelimbs in addition to the back and upper thorax the muscles of the upper forelimbs contribute to the movement of the distal extremities. Included are triceps brachii and biceps brachii

61. tricep
                                                                                                                        

62. Biceps brachii
                                                                                                                        

63. Abdominal muscles: external oblique internal oblique rectus abdominis transversus abdominis these muscles keep the organs in place, support and compress the abdomen, contract during parturition, defecation, urination and coughing

64. These muscles also assist in rotating the vertebral column
These muscles also assist in rotating the vertebral column. The linea alba is a fibrous band that runs the length of the center of the abdomen and is the central attachment of the abdominal muscles. This is a very important landmark for any abdominal surgery

65.                                                                                                                         
Rectus abdominis
Transversus abdominis
External oblique
Internal oblique

67. Linea alba

68. Muscles of the hindlimb These muscles have several functions in movement. The most important muscle groups include *gluteal group *quadricep group *semi group

69. gluteal
Major muscles over pelvis, extends and abducts limb

70. Quadriceps femoris flex and extend the leg

71. Semi group descends the posterior hind leg and form the “hamstrings”
Semi group descends the posterior hind leg and form the “hamstrings”. These muscles flex the distal extremity

72.                                                                                                         
Gastrocnemius: flexes the leg and foot, the tendon at the insertion is commonly called the achilles tendon

75. Miscellaneous muscles: arrector pili These are smooth muscles attached to hair on the dorsum. When stimulated these muscles raise the hair on the back.

77. Cutaneous trunci: a muscle that attaches to the dermis and controls the insect twich in large animals Another large animal muscle is the cremaster, this muscle is part of the spermatic cord and attaches to the scrotum. This muscle contracts and relaxes, raising and lowering the testicles. This movement helps to regulate testicular temperature