2. Blood

3. The adult human has about 4-6 liters of blood circulating throughout the body at all times, never stopping while you are alive.

4. What is blood made of?

5. What types of cells
exist in the blood?
RBC
WBC

6. Antibodies vs antigens
An antigen is a substance foreign to the body that causes an immune response.
An immune response occurs when antibodies, which are proteins in your immune system, are summoned to attack an antigen.

7. Blood Type

8. Who discover blood typing?
Noticed that during blood transfusions of animals, blood would clump, resulting in death due to lack of blood flow.
To ensure this didn’t happen with humans, he researched why this occurred. Thus, he discovered
The four basic blood types (A, B, AB, O).
Later, with scientist Alexander Wiener, another antigen was discovered when transfusion of Rhesus monkey blood into rabbit blood caused agglutination. This antigen become know as Rh positive or Rh negative.
Discovery in the early 1900s
Karl Landsteiner
Physician
Alexander Wiener
Hematologist

9. Blood Typing Blood type is controlled by multiple alleles.
3 alleles = A, B, and O
The alleles A and B are codominant when expressed together.
O is recessive to A and B.
Two of these alleles form an individuals’ genotype (see chart).

10. Blood Type Chart (memorize this)

11. There are 8 different blood types and each person belongs to only one.
AB+ O+ A- B-
AB- O-

12. Blood type is determined by heredity.

13. That means that your body makes antibodies against type B antigens.
Antigens are expressed traits on the red blood cell’s surface that determine an individual’s blood type.
Each of the eight blood types have different combinations of antigens (sugars) on the surface of the RBCs
When you say you are blood type A, what you are telling people is that the cells in your body make antibodies only to type B antigens. The A-type surface antigens on the cells are not recognized. These surface antigens can be attached to the surface of your blood cells (more specifically to the plasma membrane surrounding the cells) or to proteins or lipids anywhere in your body.
That means that your body makes antibodies against type B antigens.

14. Each of the eight blood types also have different combinations of Rh antigens (proteins) on the surface of their RBCs
A nor B antigens
Rh factor present
Rh factor present
Rh factor present
Rh factor present
Blood type A positive
Blood type B positive
Blood type AB positive
Blood type O positive
A nor B antigens
No Rh factor present
No Rh factor present
No Rh factor present
No Rh factor present
Blood type A negative
Blood type B negative
Blood type AB negative
Blood type O negative

15. When blood is introduced to another type of blood, the antibodies of the donor blood will always attack unless it recognizes another antibody.

16. WHAT ARE BLOOD GROUP ANTIGENS ALL ABOUT?
Blood group antigens are carbohydrates that are attached to proteins or lipids. An antigen is a substance foreign to the body that causes an immune response. An immune response occurs when antibodies, which are proteins in your immune system, are summoned to attack an antigen.
When you say you are blood type A, what you are telling people is that the cells in your body make antibodies only to type B antigens. The A-type surface antigens on the cells are not recognized. These surface antigens can be attached to the surface of your blood cells (more specifically to the plasma membrane surrounding the cells) or to proteins or lipids anywhere in your body.
That means that your body makes antibodies against type B antigens. (If your blood type is positive or negative, that refers to the Rh factor.) So, in essence, your body kills off the cells containing type B antigens, allowing type A to be dominant. You can receive type A blood or type O blood and can donate blood to those with type A or type AB.
If you are blood type B, the situation is reversed. Your cells have type B antigens attached, so your body makes antibodies against only type A. Once the type A antigens are kept at bay, your blood cells “show” type B as the dominant type. You can receive type B or type O blood, and you can donate to those with type B or type AB blood.
If you are blood type AB, your cells do not make antibodies against type A or type B surface antigens. Therefore, you can receive blood from a donor with any blood type (universal recipient), but you can donate blood only to other people with type AB blood.
If you are blood type O, your cells make antibodies against both type A and type B antigens. This means that if you need blood, you can only receive more type O blood. But, you can donate your blood to anybody; thus, you are a universal donor. Type O blood is the most common.