1. ARTICULATIONS OF THE SPINE AND THORAX
Pages 8 -12, 42 and 57

2. Arthrology joint, articulation or union between two or more bones
Classification by degree of movement or tissue that
bind the bones together

3. By Degree of Movement
synarthrodial joint - allows no movement; flat bones of the
skull
amphiarthrodial joint - partially movable
diarthrodial joint - freely movable
By Joint Tissues
fibrous connective tissue
cartilage
combination of connective tissue and cartilage
cartilage and joint cavity

5. The Fibrous Joint
suture - between bones of the skull
syndesmosis - partially movable; two bones connected by a
fibrous interosseous membrane
gomphosis - articulation between the teeth and the alveolar
processes
The Synchondroses
primary cartilaginous joint
plate of hyaline cartilage between apposing surfaces = area
of growth between bones
sphenooccipital synchondrosis in the young → fuses after
adolescence

6. The Symphyses
secondary cartilaginous joint
partially movable
apposing bony surfaces are covered with cartilage but
separated by intervening fibrous tissue or fibrocartilage
intervertebral discs, symphysis pubis
The Synovial Joint
freely movable
surfaces of the opposing bones are covered by articular cartil.
the inner aspect of articular cavity is lined with a synovial
membrane (not articular surfaces of the cartilage) →
produces intervening film of synovial fluid

7. some joints contain discs or
meniscus interposed between
articular surfaces
reinforcing ligaments
bursae - flattened sacs that
contain synovial fluid and
reduce friction
tendon sheath - bursa that
wraps around a tendon that is
subject to friction

11. The Multiaxial Joint
provides the greatest degree of movement in three planes
Ball-and-Socket and Saddle/Ellipsoid joint
The Biaxial Joint
allows movement in two planes
the shape of the joint surfaces prevents rotation around a
vertical axis
Condyloid joint membrane
The Uniaxial Joint
allows movements in one plane only
Plane, Hinge/Ginglymus and Pivot joint

14. Articulation of Spine

15. Joints of the Vertebral Bodies
intervertebral disc
anulus fibrosis - concentric layers of fibrocartilaginous fibers
pulpal nucleus - fibrogelatinous material
anterior longitudinal ligament
posterior longitudinal ligament

17. Joints of the Vertebral Arches
between the superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent
vertebrae - zygapophysial/facet joints
angulations of the articular facets determine types of movements
the cervical vertebrae allow a range of flexion, lateroflexion and
rotation coupled with lateroflexion
the thoracic should be particularly mobile in rotation (is limited by
the attachment of ribs)
in the lumbar region - flexion, extension and little rotation

19. Accessory Ligaments of the Intervertebral Joints
ligamenta flava (yellow)
interspinous and supraspinous ligaments
nuchal ligament
intertransverse ligament

21. Craniovertebral Joints
atlanto-occipital joints
anterior and posterior atlanto-occipital membranes
atlanto-axial joint
lateral atlanto-axial joints
median atlanto-axial joint
cruciate ligament of atlas
transverse ligaments
longitudinal bands
alar ligaments
tectorial membrane
ligamentum apicis dentis

23. Articulation of Thorax
costovertebral joints
costochondral joints and interchondral joints
sternocostal joints

24. Costovertebral Joints
head of the rib articulates with the inferior and superior costal
facets of two adjacent vertebral bodies and the intervening
intervertebral disc
allow elevation and depression of the ribs
Costotransverse Joints
costotransverse ligaments - limit movements to slight gliding
radiate ligament (ligamentum capitis costae radiatum)
Costochondral Joints
Interchondral Joints (6th-9th)
Sternocostal Joints
sternocostal radiate ligaments
membrana sterni externa et interna

27. Movements of the thoracic wall during inspiration
produce increases in the intrathoracic volume and
diameters of the thorax